Case Study The Financial Crisis - 1084 Words

Enterprise and Social Responsibility Renato Passos 21271774 Assignment 1 – Case Study: The Financial Crisis The purpose of this case study is to provide an introduction to business ethics. The first section of the assignment is an overview of the stakeholders. The second part is the description of an utilitarian perspective and how it should be applied on the case study. This is followed by the definition of the three ‘maxims’, clashes of rights and two normatives theories examined and applied on the case study. The examples throughout this case study show the constructive side of the theories in terms of how they can be applied. 1.1 Identify each of the stakeholders and how they are affected. What are the main harms and benefits in this case for the different stakeholders based on the current situation? Stakeholders Harms Benefits Competitors Banks like Lehman’s Brothers and Nothern Rock faced weak balance sheets which made them not able to keep their finances. Banking bonuses are back’ which gives high street banks to maximise bank lending. Shareholder The value of shares drop drastically and became worthless. Shareholders had a low rate of profit during the crisis. Shareholders can have a greater rate of profit once banking bonuses are back, allowing banks to perform well. Property owners House owners face inability to sell and negative equity since house prices have increased. The loans have been provided for mortgages to people with poor credit history,Show MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis Case Study875 Words   |  4 PagesIn the lead-up to the global financial crises, Greece was already struggling financially. Joining the European Union (notably below the financial requirements in place by the union) further restricted the control the Greek Government had over manipulating their economy, predominantly due to the centralized euro currency. The government had also been providing false data on their financials for some time, all of which came to a head at the time of the GFC. Increasing debt levels and decreasing GDPRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis Case Study1157 Words   |  5 Pagesof the 2016 work of Firoozye and Ariff , Managing Uncertainty, Mitigating Risk, the logic, justification, and tools of one such approach will be elucidated. Firoozye and Ariff diagnose, like many others, that the systems prior to the Global Financial Crisis were not set up in such a fashion that they could handle when events didn’t fall in the ‘correct’ probability distributions (i.e., that the highly unlikely did, apparently unaccountably, occur). At the heart of their argument, however, is anRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of 2008 : Case Study1626 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2016 Financial Crisis of 2008 It all began with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September of 2008. What followed this collapse was a domino effect which saw a near crash of the world’s financial industry, shortly leading to the greatest recession since the Great Depression. This great economic disruption would subsequently require hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars and government debt to straighten out. After years of relatively low inflation and stable growth, financial institutionsRead MoreSpains Financial Crisis : A Case Study893 Words   |  4 PagesFurthermore, Spain must be safeguarded against new interest rate hikes, as high-interest rates are likely to lead the debtors to claim bankruptcy. As a result, it is more vulnerable to the uncertainty and panic in the financial market. Amidst the ongoing recession and soaring unemployment rates, the damaging austerity policies have proven to be costly to the healthy sectors, making it difficult to cope with the collapse of the economy. This has slowed down the pace of Spain’s economic recovery. ThereforeRead MoreSamsung and Financial Crisis Case Study11108 Words   |  45 Pagesdistinct 12 effects, with attachment better predicting brand loyalty and willingness to pay a price premium. However, their research did not study attitude strength. Since attitude strength is more closely tied to actual purchase behavior than is attitude valence (Fazio 1995; Petty, Haugtvedt, and Smith 1995; Priester et al. 2004), a more convincing case for the power of attachment would be made if its impact were different than that of attitude strength. Increasing research shows that attitudeRead MoreCase Study : The Global Financial Crisis1024 Words   |  5 Pages2008, when the US economy was hit by several financial events that would make recovery slow and deliberate. The 2011 article, THE ORIGINS OF THE CRASH AND THE LIMITS ON RECOVERY, the author goes in great detail describing the events that led up to what became the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), which entailed the real estate market crashing, large and small bank failures and the significant drop of unemployment beginning in 2007, along with global financial issues tied to the US economy (Bramble, 2011)Read MoreMacys Inc Financial Crisis Case Study760 Words   |  3 Pagesfour years. Year Amount 2008 33 million 2009 4 Billion 2010 35 million 2011 10 million Notice that the trend of net income is increasing from 2009 to 2011. This indicates an increase in consumer spending after the financial crisis of 2008. The financial crisis had a major impact on consumer confidence, which is the foundation of spending. If consumers are fearful for their well being, they will undoubtedly cut discretionary spending. Macys doesnt sell products that are required toRead MoreCase Study : Investment Advisors As A Result Of The Global Financial Crisis1458 Words   |  6 Pages The case study emphasizes the difficulties placed on investment advisors as a result of the global financial crisis that occurred in 2008. The crisis was as a result of the crumbling mortgage market and the impact of collateralized debt obligations associated with the industry. Rudy Wong, a prominent and respected investment advisor, is concerned with advising his clients who are worried about losing their investments and savings due to the crisis. The Dow Jones industrial average wa s on a downwardRead MoreImpact of Financial Crisis on the Textile Industry of Pakistan: a Case Study of Fateh Textile Industry5350 Words   |  22 Pages2011 ISSN 1991-8178 Impact Of Financial Crisis On The Textile Industry Of Pakistan: A Case Study Of Fateh Textile Industry 1 Dr. Zahid Ali Channar, 2Dr. Nanik Ram 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Management Sciences, Isra University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. 2 Assistant professor Department of economics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro pakistan. Abstract: After the great depression of 1930s, financial crisis of 2007-09 were most seriousRead MoreFraud Cases have Put Earnings Management back in the Spotlight778 Words   |  3 Pagesnew phenomenon, the emerging of the fraud cases such as Enron, Lehman Brothers, and other instances of financial fraud have again put this topic in the spotlight. Emerging concerns over earnings management have led to new disclosure requirements and the implementation of corporate good governance codes such as the Sarabanes Oxly Act (SOX), tabaksblat and other corporate good governance codes to reduce this phenomenon within firms. The role of financial reporting is to portray the economic position

What Makes A Product Marketing - 1398 Words

John Doe, a typical parent of a toddler going to purchase a box of cereal, must first decide a few things before he will become in possession of the cereal. First he must choose at which store he will shop. Next, he must decide what type of cereal to purchase. And finally, he must choose a brand of the particular style of cereal to buy. All of these decisions can surprisingly be influenced by companies. In fact, most of the time consumers are unaware that they are being controlled, so to speak. Many tactics are employed, and many of the tactics are quite imaginative. This manipulation serves to not only increase a company’s profits, but also it serves to make the brand more recognizable. The game of product marketing is remarkably complex due to the influences on consumers through product design, product advertising, and product placement. Part of what makes a product attractive is its appearance. From cellphones to coffee, this statement is both accurate and vital to the marketability of the product. Three of the main components of the product, as well as its packaging, include the materials used as well as colors and sizes. The utilized materials can convey different meanings to a consumer. Looking at the popular Apple iPhone, a part of Apple’s design philosophy is to achieve what is often referred to as a premium feel, though there is no such things as a quantifiable premium. They do this by creating a phone with a solid, metal body. Because of this, consumers associateShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Product Marketing?2228 Words   |  9 Pagesdecide what type of cereal to purchase. And finally, he must choose a brand of the particular style of cereal to buy. All of these decisions can surprisingly be influenced by companies. In fact, most of the time consumers are unaware that they are being controlled, so to speak. Many tactics are employed, and many of the tactics are quite imaginative. This manipulation serves to not only increase a company’s profits, but also it serves to make the brand more recognizable. The game of product marketingRead MoreMarketing Strategy : Price Is What Makes Profits And How Customers Perceive The Value Of A Product Or Service1486 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Strategy: Price Price is what makes profits and how customers perceive the value of a product or service. Companies will determine prices based on their financial status; quality, costs and the nature of the good. According to Armstrong, G., Kotler, P. (2015), â€Å"price is the sum of all the values that customers give up to gain the benefit of having or using a product or service† (p. 266). Also, pricing is a very important element to achieve organizational objectives, projects, and profitsRead MoreDescribe the Particular Contextual Situation in Which Modern Marketing Evolved and Thrived.1465 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern marketing evolved and thrived. Marketing has developed and changed drastically over the last 50 years and businesses have had to adapt to this change in various ways ranging from their advertisement technique, who they aim their products at and to the way in which they care for the environment through being corporately socially responsible. The keys points are the way in which it had changed and why it has changed which will be looked at into depth in the core of the essay. Marketing hasRead MoreMarketing Strategies For Business Marketing894 Words   |  4 Pagesfinal customer of products is considered to be a business-to-business model. (What is business-to-business (B2B)?, 2016) These types of businesses have distinct differences from business-to-customer companies that raise multiple marketing hurdles to jump. Some of these differences include longer sales cycles, more complex products or services, few identifiable buyers, less buyer research, and different channels for marketing strategies to use. (What Makes Business-to-Business Marketing Different?, 2016)Read MoreBachelor s Degree Lets Marketing Essentials1515 Words   |  7 PagesBachelor’s Degree LETS Marketing Essentials 1 While researching marketing from different websites and textbooks I have come across many definitions for the word ‘marketing’. Marketing is the science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Philip Kotler (2008). Marketing has 4 strategies for example the 4 PS, Price, Product, Place and Promotional Strategy. Marketing involves the development of a product, the determination of its priceRead MoreThe Major Elements Of Marketing856 Words   |  4 PagesThe four Ps approach to marketing has been widely regarded as the traditional approach to marketing. While the value approach concentrates on delivering value to the consumers or customers, the 4Ps approach is evidently concentrated not on customers, but on the product itself. The major elements of the four Ps approach of marketing are product, price, place, and promotion; by that, the four Ps elevate product in the marketing plan while the value approach components are creating, communicating, deliveringRead MoreMarketing Mix1265 Words   |  6 PagesWhat does the phrase marketing mix mean? What is the purpose of the marketing mix? The marketing mix is a process most organizations use to bring a product or service to market. The four Ps is a go od way to define the marketing mix tool. The four Ps or four elements of the marketing mix are product, place, price, and promotion, which are used to satisfy consumers’ needs and the objectives of the organization. After a target market is selected, â€Å"†¦the firm must take steps to satisfy [the customers]Read MoreMarketing Plans: Analyzing the Product Success of Coca Cola1183 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Marketing planning is a key to either success or failure of products in marketing management. This paper analyzes the meaning of a market plan and how it has helped the product or services to be more successful and on the other side, how the market plan has made the product to become of great failure in most organizations. The paper will also analyze an overview of some movies considered to be a failure as well as, extrapolating the problems in studios plan, forecasting at the demandRead MoreMarketing Mix Paper1580 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Mix Paper 1 RUNNING HEAD: MARKETING MIX PAPER MARKETING MIX PAPER Tony Jones Hayward State University Marketing Mix Paper 2 Introduction In this paper about the Marketing Mix, it will explain the elements of the marketing (product, place, price, and promotion). I have enclosed a chart about the Pricing Strategies Mix. I will also be selecting an organization by the name of Target in whichRead MoreThe Marketing Principles of Fruit Winder Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Marketing Principles of Fruit Winder There are 5 main principles of marketing. They are * Understanding customer needs. * Co-ordinating functions to achieve marketing aims. * Adopting a marketing approach. * Effective customer communications. * Constraints. UNDERSTANDING CUSTOMER NEEDS – Kellogg’s need to identify and understand the needs of both their existing customers, as well as any new potential customers. They will need to adapt their marketing

The Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy - 1391 Words

The Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whether minimum wage should be increased or not increased. It is a major debate topic around the country. Although increasing minimum wage raises standard living and cause a growth in the economy, minimum wage should not be increased because it is difficult for low skilled worker to find work, many people will lose their jobs and service and goods will become more expensive. First of all, minimum wage was established in New Zealand and Australia (â€Å"Minimum†). This was around the 1980s. The government of Massachusetts enacted the earliest minimum wage law in the United States. In 1923, fifteen other states passed minimum wage laws. At the time, minimum wage only applied to women and minors. In 1938, The United States Government enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act for all the residents of the United States (â€Å"Department†). President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act. The minimum wage was set to $0.25 an hour. Later, Congress was forced to raise minimum wage becauseShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The Economy1015 Words   |  5 Pageshigh unemployment rate is the issue of minimum wage. Depending on the states in U.S., the price of minimum wage is different, but the low minimum wage may cause the economic condition worse. Minimum wage is the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay. This wage is regulated by the law, so all workers must follow this rule. According to the book, â€Å"Minimum Wages†, the author Neumark, David states, â€Å"in 1938, the U.S. Congress passed a federal minimum wage as part of the Fair Labor Standard Act†Read MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesI agree with this article, written by Niels Veldhuis, to the extent that minimum wage negatively affects the economy, by increasing unemployment. However, if I were Veldhuis I would have added that the social values of minimum wage may outweigh the negative effects on the economy. This matter is a value judgement, which cannot be proved right or wrong by economics. Veldhuis supports his statement with proof from studies; I will explain these findings with further microeconomic theory. I will discussRead MoreThe Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy800 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesThe Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy A sensitive topic for many Americans is their income. Many people’s income relies on minimum wage. In 2012, 3.6 million people received an hourly pay at or below the national minimum wage. There is an ongoing debate in Congress as to what the national minimum wage should be. Currently at $7.25, Obama has suggested raising the national minimum wage to $9.00. Depending on a person’s economic perspective, raising minimum wage could be positive or negativeRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Of The United States932 Words   |  4 Pagesrule of currency has a major effect toward the amount an individual owns. The current world economy, labor is required in order to supply services to whomever is willing to buy. The amount of money distributed and earned throughout the economy feeds the nation s GDP, which shows the stability of the overall economy of that nation. There is an imaginary sequence that must be established in an economy in order to balance both lab or and revenue to stabilize a country’s economy. Labor is an importantRead MoreThe Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage on US Economy1507 Words   |  6 Pagesyear, the minimum wage has been increasing from less than a dollar to $7.25 now. The question that comes to everybody is that should we increase the minimum wage by too far. Does the minimum wage increase reduce the unemployment since now the current wage is high enough? Some people might think that we should increase the minimum wage in order to increase the labor supply. However, if we think deeply than this, there are more disadvantages than advantages of increasing the minimum wage. The fartherRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Of The United States905 Words   |  4 Pagesrule of currency has major effect toward the amount an individual owns. In the world economy labor is required in order to supply services to whomever is willing to buy. The amount of money distributed and earned throughout the economy feeds the nation s GDP which shows the stabil ity of the overall economy of that nation. There is an imaginary cycle that must be established in an economy in order to balance both labor and revenue in order to stabilize a country economy. Labor is an importantRead MoreA Brief Note On Raising Minimum Wage1088 Words   |  5 PagesBrendan Mason Mrs. Scruggs 08/07/15 Raising minimum Wage There is always talk about the problems of North Carolina’s economy, and these problems then become publicized and put throughout the media, informing people on the condition of their state’s economy. A popular topic lately is the state’s minimum wage, and whether it should be raised or if we should keep the current minimum wage. Usually, opinions vary on what to do about minimum wage, however there certainly seems to be a larger group ofRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal940 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is now at a steady $7.25 per hour and shows no sign of increasing anytime soon. There are states right now at the time that are trying to raise the minimum wage, and see how this will effect the economy of the area. As prices continue to increase in every day expenses, it becomes hard for us to keep up and be able to provide for our family or get even the basic necessities that we may need. People are saying that with more money, they will spend more back to the economy, thus helpingRead MoreMinimum Wage At The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagesintended to raise the current minimum wage floor of $7.25 in the United States stalled in Congress. As the November election approaches, many Democratic senate members are placing the issue of minimum wage at the forefront of their election campaigns, hoping to sway working-class voters in their favor. The issue of minimum wage has become a matter of politics, politics which far overshadow the far more pertinent concern of minimum wage’s economic effects. Minimum wage is a complex issue, and understandingRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our country

What Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the...

What Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement? The Romantic Movement, or period, was from the year 1828 to about 1865. The main feature of the American Romantic period was the celebration and praise of individualism. This time is also considered to be the first period of genuine American creativity. Emotion, instead of reason, became the largest source of inspiration and creativity during this period. All of this was a reaction to all of the constraints that were forced on people during the era of Realism. At this time in history, America was in a great period of expansion, the writers of the American Romantic period were discovering that could create a new and vastly different voice for this new era in†¦show more content†¦Whitman was able to change people’s views on life and was able to give people something that they wanted and were looking for in his creation of a new writing style. His writing about real life experiences connected him well with the common man, which is another aspect of the Romantic period. Whitman is also thought of as the â€Å"father of free verse.† He enjoyed using free verse because it could further distinguish him from other writers of the past, and of his time. Emily Dickinson, who lived from 1830 to 1886, also had a large impact in the American Romantic period. However, she would never know of the impact she had due to the fact that her writings were not published until after her death. The subject of her poetry ranged from religion to nature, which both are large influences to this time. One poem that fits in very well with this era is â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† The poem begins by saying, â€Å"Because I could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me; the carriage held but just ourselves and immortality.† This poem deals with human immortality and what occurs after we die. The desire for knowledge and wanting to understand what we currently do not are influences in American Romanticism. Dickinson seemed to be consumed with death and what happens to humans after death, she even wrote to a priest to ask what the state of mind was of a friend she had while he was on his deathbed. Her fascination with death played a major role in many of herShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe / Emily Dickinson3782 Words   |  16 PagesQuasheioh Dukes Professor Tony American Literature 4 March 2013 Romanticism is the only literary movement exhibits a wide variety of art, literature and intellect in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This movement has been a topic of ample disagreements over its defining ideologies and aesthetics. It can best be described as a large network of sometimes competing philosophies, agendas, and points of interest. In England, Romanticism had its greatest influence from the end of the eighteenthRead MoreEarly American Literature Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesfifty years of development throughout American before it produced the first great generation of American writers such as, Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Henry David Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson, just to name a few. There was a sense of enlightenment that spread over America in the 18th century. Many of the stories reflected the sense of freedom that came with the revolution. Consider Washington Irving, he was among the first AmericanRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking and beginning to bloom in America, the time period known as The Romantic Age. Romantic thinking stressed on human imagination and emotion rather than on basic facts and reason. Ralph Waldo Emerson not only provided plenty of that, but he also nourished it and inspired many other writers of that time. quot;His influence can be found in the works of Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, and Robert Frost.quot;. No doubt, Ralph Waldo Emerson wasRead MoreA Brief Introduction to American Literature3396 Words   |  14 Pagesgradually gains its unique style, theme and form, and I ¡Ã‚ ¯m always excited to see their works are more and more America in its true sense. American literature is part of world ¡Ã‚ ¯s literature, however, it always has its unique flavor that cannot be easily ignored. Most critics hold that the history of American literature can be divided into six parts, orderly, colonial period, romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism and post-modernism. Although American literature in its true sense did not begin untilRead MoreStylistic Analysis10009 Words   |  41 PagesLingvo-stylistic potential of D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Don’ts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12-14 1.3. The main stylistic-semantic features of H.W. Longfellow’s poem â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14-18 Chapter 2. Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2.1. General stylistic features of R. Burns’s poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18-21 2.2. The style in â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21-23

Psycho Dynamic Theories Free Essays

Psychodynamic Theory: â€Å"Fathers Influence on Children’s Development† Jeff Santiago California State University, Fresno Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multi-Systems Approach Social Work 212 Dr. Kris Clarke October 15, 2012 Psychodynamic Theory: â€Å"Fathers Influence on Children’s Development† Psychodynamic Theory Understanding the significance of the father’s role and their influences on children’s development has been at the forefront of empirical research over the last ten years. Numerous studies have enriched empirical literature regarding the father’s influence on children’s development. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycho Dynamic Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Theorists have reestablished the conceptual framework in outlining the significance to elicit father’s influence on children’s development (Zacker, 1978). In this paper I will examine the Psychodynamic theory and show the relevance, and applicability to Father’s role in child development. (Kriston, Holzel, Harter, 2009) indicated that long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP) is more effective than shorter forms of psychotherapy. Therefore, conceptualizing the framework of the psychodynamic theory and the impact it has on the father’s role on child development is critical in understanding its relevance. The review of theory is followed by discussion and the direct correlation to father’s role on child development. Historically, there has been limited empirical research on psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamic outcome research is underrepresented in the empirical literature and much of psychodynamic research is process-oriented rather than outcome-oriented (Brandell, 2005). The psychodynamic theory can be challenging to conceptualize, due to its dual implications. (Brandell, 2005) states that psychodynamic models are complex to evaluate, in part because they are concerned with meaning as well as behavior change, and consequently psychodynamic practice has become less well understood and less often practiced. However, understanding psychodynamic theory and how the inner energies are what motivate, dominate, and control people’s behavior, re based in past experience and present reality. According to (Berzoff, Flanagan, Hertz, 2002) clinical knowledge grounded in psychodynamic theory is one of the most powerful ways we have in looking inside someone’s heart and mind, and without it, we are almost blind, limited to the surface. Understanding the internal psychological factors, and how they are interwoven with external factors such as culture, gender, race, class, and biology help us understand the intricate complexities of an individual. From this perspective, we study how the outside develops a person psychologically, and in turn, how the inner world shapes a person’s outer reality. Internal life is intellectualized within biological and social contexts. What is inside and outside an individual comes to be metabolized as psychological strengths and disturbances (Berzoff et al. , 2002). Through the lenses of psychodynamic theory, it accounts for the forces of love or hate, sexuality, and aggression, which express themselves differently in each individual, and ultimately shape how each individual functions and develops. According to (Berzoff et al. , 2002) Freud viewed humans as inhuman in their nature, fueled by forces, fantasies, longings, and passions beyond their control. Many psychological issues develop when forces in the mind oppose drives. Mental activity derives from the id, the ego, and superego, each having unique functions. Although despite having these unique functions, they frequently conflict with one another (Berzoff et al. , 2002). So, psychodynamic theory involves interactions between different parts of the mind, between childhood, and adult events. Moreover, psychodynamic theory examines deep underlying issues involving the unconscious elements in interactions between individuals, where emotion is a primary focus. According to (Jarvis, 2004) psychodynamic theory emphasizes particular childhood events, ranging from sexual abuse to successful formation of an infant-primary care attachment. The significance of early relationships of our social-emotional development is profoundly affected by the quality of relationships we experience. Psychodynamic and Father’s Role on Child Development The psychodynamic theory reinforces the direct correlation to the father’s role on child development. In Freudian theory, the father is seen with particular importance related to child development (Jarvis, 2004). The psychodynamic approach assumes we are influenced in some way by mental processes by which we are not normally aware. Furthermore, there exists continuity between childhood and adult experience. According to (Jarvis, 2004, p. ) many characteristics of the adult personality, both normal and abnormal, can be traced to childhood experience. Consequently, the historical framework of the psychodynamic theory clearly identifies the importance of early relationships, especially father’s role on child development. There is an importance of early relationships, and the psychological significance of subjective experience and unconscious mental processes (Jarvis, 2004). The psychodynamic theory reiterates that children benefit from male contributions to children’s early experiences. The relevance from the psychodynamic theory, significantly impacts the direct correlation of father’s role in child development. Father’s have significant influences on adjustment, and become increasingly important as offspring move into adulthood. (Jarvis, 2004) states several contributors illustrate historical, cultural, and family ideologies inform the roles fathers play, and undoubtedly shape the absolute amounts of time fathers spend with their children, the activities they share with them, and perhaps even the quality of relationships between fathers and children. The framework of the psychodynamic theory reinforces that fathers frequently play a number of roles that include: companions, care providers, spouses, protectors, models, moral guides, teachers, and breadwinners. According to (Brandell, 2005) children with highly involved fathers were characterized by increased cognitive competence, increased empathy, fewer sex-stereotyped beliefs, and a more internal locus of control. One can speculate the benefits obtained by children with highly involved fathers. Furthermore, the empirical literature review reinforces the impact of father’s role upon child development from the psychodynamic theory. Sensitive fathering that includes: responding, talking, supporting, teaching, and encouraging their children to learn, predicts children’s socio-emotional, cognitive, and linguistic achievements (Jarvis, 2004). By outlining how the id, ego, and superego have independent functions, yet in spite of the functions, have repeated conflict with one another impacted by the father’s influence upon child development. As mentioned earlier, the psychodynamic theory reinforces profound significance of early childhood relationships. References Ashford, J. B. , LeCroy, C. W. (2010). Human Behavior in the Social Environment A Multidimensional Perspective (4th ed. ). Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning: Author. Berzoff, J. , Flanagan, L. M. , Hertz, P. (2002). Inside Out and Outside In. Retrieved from GOOGLE ebookstore Brandell, J. R. (2005). Psychodynamic Social Work. Columbia University Press: Columbia University. Grainger, S. (2004). Family Background and Female Sexual Behavior. Human Nature, 15(2), 133-145. Jarvis, M. (2004). Psychodynamic Psychology: Classic Theory and Contemporary Research. Retrieved from GOOGLE ebookstore Kriston, L. , Holzel, L. , Harter, M. (2009, March 4). Analyzing Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psyotherapy. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(9), 930-933. http://dx. doi. org/10. 100/jama. 2009. 178 Zacker, J. (1978). Parents as Change Agents: A Psychodynamic Model. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 32:4, 572-582. Retrieved from How to cite Psycho Dynamic Theories, Essay examples

Corporate Law For Minority Shareholders

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Law For Minority Shareholders. Answer: Introduction A minority shareholder, as the name suggests, is a person who has shares in a company but which are very less in number. Any decision of the company is made by passing resolutions in majority. This holds the minority shareholders in a losing position. Even if they want to protect their interests, they cannot do so as they do not hold the majority. To protect the interests of such minority shareholder from such oppression, certain remedies are available with the minority shareholder (Macmillan, 2003). The present case deals with the oppression of minority shareholders and the remedies that are available to them. Oppression of Minority Shareholders As stated above, the work done in any company is based on the principle of majority rule. The majority shareholders and the Board make the decision, which have an impact on the overall company and includes an impact on the minority shareholders. And herein is the problem. The rule of majority is accompanied by the risk of abuse. This concept was established in the case of Foss v Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461 (Boyle, 2002). The recognition of such risks has led to the introduction of statutory remedies for the relief of minority shareholders (Lexis PSL, 2016). In the given case, Walter and Shirley are minority shareholders in Happy Days Ltd. The Board of Directors of Happy Days Ltd. has changed certain policies of company which has resulted in an oppression of Water and Shirley being the minority shareholders. The change in policies includes the adoption of no dividend policy, diversification of companys business and an increase in the fees. These decisions were taken without the any participation of minority shareholders. Further, these decisions have a significant negative impact on the interests of these minority shareholders. Hence, an oppression of minority shareholders is present in this case (Law Teacher, 2016). Statutory Remedies Part 2F.1 in the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) contains sections regarding oppressive conduct of affairs (Tomasic, Bottomley McQueen, 2002). As per section 232 of this Act the Court has the liberty to make an order under section 233 in case the performance of the affairs of a corporation; or a proposed or an actual act or omission by or on behalf of such corporation; or a proposed resolution or a resolution of members of a class of members of a corporation is either opposing to the interests of the members totally; or unfairly prejudicial or unfairly discriminatory or oppressive to or against a member(s) in any capacity. A notable case in this regard is Campbell v Backoffice Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 238 CLR 304, 334 [72] (High Court of Australia, 2009). When unfairly prejudicial or unfairly discriminatory or oppressive conduct is established in a case, the Court has the power to make an order which grants relief stated in section 233 of this Act (Corporations Act 2001, 2016). The Court can make an order for winding up of a company; or a modification or revocation of the constitution of the company; or regulation of the conduct of affairs of a company; or purchase of shares by any person or member of the company which have been transmitted by operation of law or by will; or purchase of shares with suitable diminution of the share capital of the company; or authorize a person or member to whom the shares of the company have been transmitted by operation of law or by will, to defend, discontinue, institute or prosecute particular dealings on behalf of or in the name of the company; or appointment of a receiver for all or some of the property of the company; or imposing a restriction on a person from engaging in particular conduct or fr om doing a particular act; or the Court may require a person to do some particular act (Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2016). The order that a Court can make may fall outside the mentioned list as the Court has the liberty to provide relief in the manner it deems most appropriate (Latimer, 2012). But the aggrieved party would have to mention the nature of relief it seeks from the Court. The Court awards such remedy which is the least interfering and which eliminates the oppression (Austin Ramsay, 2013). In the case of Re Spargos Mining NL (1990) 3 ACSR 1, 501, the Court ordered appointment of a new board, an amendment of the articles of the company and reporting by the new board to the court in every 3 months (Blumberg, 2004). Further, an action can be taken not only against the company, but also against the directors and other shareholders. Being the member of Happy Days Ltd, Walter and Shirley can apply for the statutory remedies mentioned in Section 233 of the Corporation Act 2001 (Corporations Act 2001, 2016). The first remedy stated in this section is winding up of the company. This order is passed as a last resolve and is considered very drastic and is not usually awarded in cases of oppressive conduct. Especially when the company is doing well in trade, the other available remedies are awarded by the court. In this case, Walter and Shirley would not be able to apply for this remedy. The next relief available for Walter and Shirley is the modification or revocation of constitution of company. The changes made by director are not affected due to an error or loop in the constitution and hence, Walter and Shirley cannot resort to this remedy. Walter and Shirley can apply for regulation of the conduct of companys affair in future. The performance of the affairs of the company is currently conducted in a manner which results in harm to its members. The change in policies affects the interest of Walter and Shirley. They can prove this by making a reference to the increase in fees. Walter and Shirley have to show evidence that the steep price hike is to provide money for the proposed development in Melbourne. Also, they can make a reference to the diversification of business. In this matter, they can clearly show the a retiree requires more space than a student who moves out of the accommodation after completion of studies but a retiree spends the rest of his life in such accommodation and hence requires more space. And so Walter and Shirley can resolve their concern of increase in fees and diversification of business by using this remedy. The shares have neither been transmitted by operation of law, and nor by will so, Walter and Shirley cannot request the Court to get their shares purchased by any member or person. Walter and Shirley should not ask for purchase of shares with a reduction in companys share capital. The reason behind this is that the company is a growing business and running its trade. There are other members also and a reduction in share capital of company would result in oppression against such members (Willcocks, 1991). Hence, Walter and Shirley cannot use this as a remedy. Walter and Shirley can ask the court to discontinue the diversification of the business of the company. They can also request the court to pass an order to discontinue the increase in fees. The proof would be the same as given in the case of conduct of companys affairs in the future. As the shares have neither been transmitted by operation of law and nor by will so Walter and Shirley cannot ask the Court to authorize any member or person to defend, discontinue, institute or prosecute particular dealings on behalf of or in the name of the company. And as the company is not being wound up, Walter and Shirley cannot request for appointment of a receiver for the property of the company. Walter and Shirley can request the court to restrain the directors from diversifying the business of the company. The proof would be the same as given in the case of conduct of companys affairs in the future (Keay, 2011). Further, Walter and Shirley can also request the court to prevent the Chairman of the company from defaming Walter. The proof of defamation is evident from the interview conducted by Channel 7 news. In that interview the Chairman had made very rude remarks about Walter. Further, Walter and Shirley can request the Court to stop the Chairman from forcing Walter out of the village. This would relieve Walter and Shirley from the concerns of moving out of the village where they have been living for the last three years. Walter and Shirley should also request the Court to direct the company to restart the payment of dividends as it is a right of a member. They can also request the court to direct the Chairman to pay the damages in form payment for knee replacement which resulted from the knee damage that Walter received as a result of scuffle between him and the Chairman. This would ensure that their concerns regarding dividend and knee replacement are met. Lastly, going beyond these statutory remedies, Walter and Shirley can ask the court for monetary damages due to the negligence of the Chairman which resulted in injury to Walter. Practical Implications of Statutory Remedies The court passes a winding up order when it proved to be just and equitable. In case Walter and Shirley apply for a winding up of the company, they would have to show to the satisfaction of the court that the winding up would result in huge surplus and would not be in the nature of an insolvency procedure. The court passes a winding up order on the same basis as it grants a relief for an unfair prejudice application. In reality, a winding up order is not considered to be beneficial for the minority shareholders as the breakup value of the assets of the company is usually small. Also, the purchases available are usually the majority shareholders who have resulted in such oppression (Bottomley, 2016). As stated above, winding up is a drastic remedy and is considered as the last resort to be awarded as a remedy. Hence, it is not practical for Walter and Shirley to consider this statutory remedy. The constitution of a company is the document which contains the rights, duties and powers of a company and provides the rules which govern the relationship between the company and its various stakeholders. The Constitution binds the directors and shareholders to abide the provisions of the constitution. Modifying or revoking a constitution is not practical. It is formed after taking into consideration a lot of factors and modifying it as a remedy is way too extreme. So, Walter and Shirley should not consider this statutory remedy. Regulation of conduct of a business is quite normal in case of a remedy involving oppressive conduct. In case a minority shareholder is harmed from the oppressive conduct, the best way to resolve the situation is by regulating the affair of the business (Baxt, 2005). This ensures an absence of oppressive conduct in future. In a landmark case of Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (2001) 37 ACSR 672, [89], the judge held that the complained conduct should be related to the affairs of the company (Berkahn, 2008). The court has to examine whether the conduct was in interest of the company or not. Here, the conduct was oppressive as it was against the interests of minority shareholders (CCH Australia Limited, 2011). Further, the judge in this case held that even though the affairs may be against minority shareholders, but if the conduct is in favor of the company as a whole, then the companys interest would be given preference instead of the interests of minority shareholders. Hence, this remedy is unrealistic in the case of Walter and Shirley. The shares have neither been transmitted by operation of law and nor by will so asking the Court to get their shares purchased by any member or person is not a practical approach for Walter and Shirley. Even if such had been the case, by losing their shares, they would have no further rights in the company. Moreover, such shares are usually purchased by the majority shareholders and beat the whole purpose of seeking a remedy as a result of oppressive conduct. The reduction of share capital has negative impact not only on the company but all of its shareholders. By asking for a reduction in the share capital, Walter and Shirley would themselves be at a loss. By requesting the court to discontinue the diversification of the business of the company and to discontinue the increase in fees, Walter and Shirley would prove ass a hurdle in the growth of the company. Any diversification, a company grows, and stopping the growth of the company is completely impractical. Further, the fee has been increased due to the rise in demand by the residents of more facilities. And the contract between Happy Days Ltd and the residents does allow for a review of annual fees. This gives company the right to increase the rent. Further, if the company does not increase the fees, it would not be able to provide such amenities to the members and could also incur loss. So, Walter and Shirley would not be successful in attaining this remedy and so, this remedy is unrealistic. As stated above, asking the Court to authorize any member or person to defend, discontinue, institute or prosecute particular dealings on behalf of or in the name of the company is impractical. And requesting for receiver for the property of the company in case of winding up of the company is also not a viable option. As stated above, restraining the directors from diversification is not a suggestive approach. But restraining the director from making any adverse remarks against a person is a completely practical thing to do. This would result in firstly, a stoppage on such remarks in future and secondly, damages from such defamation. No one has the authority to defame any one. And so, by requesting the court to pass an order to stop the chairman from making defamatory statements would result in proper conduct on part of Chairman in the future. This type of remedy is awarded quite common in such cases. A dividend cut is considered as a very negative act. A company is free to increase, decrease, start or stop the payment of dividend. When a company faces financial crunch as a result of weakened earnings or a loss or does not have enough funds to pay the dividends, it can stop the payment of dividend. Here, the company stopped paying dividends so as to use the retained earnings for the growth of company. A company grows with its shareholders. If the shareholders are not happy, the company would not grow. So, by cutting back the dividends, the company would actually be in an adverse state. By applying to the court for restarting the payment of dividend, Walter and Shirley would be held in a favorable position. And have a high chance of getting this remedy awarded to them by the Court. References Austin, R.P., Ramsay, I.M. (2014).Fords Principles of Corporations Law(16th ed.). Australia: LexisNexis Butterworths. Baxt, R. (2005). Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers (18th ed.). 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