Emotion Regulation And Social Anxiety - 1275 Words

Emotion Regulation Mediates the Relationship between Mindfulness and Social Anxiety Mindfulness refers to paying attention to the present-moment experience by acknowledging and accepting thoughts and emotions without judgement or reactiveness (Morgan et al., 2014). Social anxiety in adolescents is experienced commonly as marked fear of social situations in case embarrassment or humiliation may occur. (Essau, Conradt, Peterman, 1999). Notably, there are well-known links between mindfulness and social anxiety with research reporting higher levels of mindfulness predict lower levels of social anxiety (Rasmussen Pidgeon, 2011; Schmertz, Masuda, Anderson, 2012). Indeed, mindfulness enables cognitions that lead to emotional anguish to be†¦show more content†¦Research postulates that social anxiety is associated with emotion dysregulation, that is higher use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies such as rumination, catastrophizing, and displaying an exaggerated threat response to external cues (Blalock, Kashdan, Farmer, 2015). In contrast, people with h igher levels of mindfulness utilise higher levels of emotion regulation skills (Blalock et al., 2015). Therefore, it is argued that in anxiety provoking social situations, a person with higher levels of mindfulness skills will challenge their anxious emotions. Drawing on their mindfulness skills they are able to refocus attention, and perhaps concentrate on their surroundings to help them feel less anxious. By focusing less on self-interest and thoughts of the past or future, they will not jump to conclusions regarding their emotional experience. As such, their use of mindfulness skills will lead to emotion regulation with more positive emotions and less negative emotions experienced therefore reducing their social anxiety. Therefore, considering mindfulness is associated with emotion regulation and that emotion regulation is associated with social anxiety, is the negative influence of mindfulness on social anxiety explained by a increase in emotion regulation? Consequently, as show n in figure 1, it is hypothesised thatShow MoreRelatedEmotional And Social Performance Of Children With Anxiety Disorders999 Words   |  4 PagesChildren with anxiety disorders struggle with tasks on a day to day basis that children without anxiety disorders do not even consider thinking about. Marni L. Jacob, Cynthia Suveg, and Monica R. Whitehead put on a study that tests the relationships between emotional and social functioning in children with anxiety disorders. This study is interesting to me personally because I know what it is like to constantly struggle with anxiety. I have generalized anxiety disorder. Due to this, researching aboutRead MoreThe Role Of Childhood Maltreatment And Symptoms Of Depression, Social Anxiety, And Generalized Anxiety809 Words   |  4 PagesStudents’ Emotion Regulation Abilities and Symptoms of Depression, Social Anxiety, and Generalized Anxiety. The Journal of Psychology 147.5: 469-90. Print. 2. What is the specific topic the article is addressing? (i.e. the role of childhood maltreatment in eating disorders? The effect of exercise on stress levels?) 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Even though IZOF is one of most widely used models when examining arousal and performance, research usingRead MoreAllele Variation Of The Gene1270 Words   |  6 PagesMany researchers have studied the short allele variation of the gene. Though most of have different views of how the serotonin transporter gene is related to emotions, most agree that the gene has some factor in emotion regulation. Some focus on the gene being a factor in the amount of depression, anxiety, and stress. (insert citation) Others explore the gene determining the amount of satisfaction within a person’s life. (insert citation) Some also explore the possible solutions or affects that couldRead MoreSocial Anxiety And Alcohol Abuse1689 Words   |  7 Pages Social Anxiety And Alcohol Vy Vivian Le Berkeley City College Abstract Social anxiety is often misunderstood as a behavioral choice, and therefore those who suffer from this disease are often portrayed negatively. Research indicates that about 15 million people, equally men and women, begin suffering from social anxiety around age 13 (Anxiety and Depression Association of America). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the difficulties of socially anxious individualsRead MoreThe Importance of Emotional Self-Regulation and Secure Attachments1732 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Growth of self-regulation is a cornerstone of early childhood development and is visible in all areas of behavior† (Shonkoff Phillips, 2000) Throughout the course of a person’s life, they will face many situations where self-regulation of the emotions is needed to make decisions that can determine a positive outcome of a given situation. Most adult are able to think about the consequences of their actions before a situation gets out of hand. They have, through experience, the understandingRead MoreHow Self Regulation Impacts Resilience1378 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral These papers were chosen as they provide insight into how self-regulation impacts resilience. As resilience is a broad topic, these papers provide insight into self-regulation can benefit a variety of areas including neurological, epidemiological and how they can be implemented in therapeutic real-world interventions. Socioeconomic Status Buckner, J. C., Mezzacappa, E., Beardslee, W. R. (2003). Characteristics of resilient youths living in poverty: The role of self-regulatory processesRead MoreSubstance Use Of Substance Use Disorder1580 Words   |  7 Pagesto others, it is the beginning of the road to an addiction. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-V (2013), a diagnosis of substance use disorder is based on evidence of impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria. Substance use disorders occur when recurring drug use, including alcohol, causes clinically and functionally significant damage, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities

The Species At Risk Act Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(146) " for implementing the necessary preservation and protection steps under the Species at Risk Act for aquatic species on the legal protection list\." The Speciess at Risk Act ( SARA ) was proclaimed in June 2003, and is one portion of a three portion Government of Canada scheme for the protection of wildlife species at hazard. This three portion scheme besides includes committednesss under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk and activities under the Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk. In add-on, it complements bing Torahs and understandings to supply for the legal protection of wildlife species and preservation of biological diverseness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Species At Risk Act Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Act aims to forestall wildlife species from going nonextant, and to procure the necessary actions for their recovery. The Act recognises that the protection of wildlife species is a joint duty and that all Canadians have a function to play in the protection of wildlife. It applies to all federal lands in Canada ; all wildlife species listed as being at hazard ; and their critical home ground. Please view the followers for a more elaborate sum-up of the Act ‘s: Aim The intents of the Act are to forestall Canadian autochthonal species, races, and distinguishable populations from going extirpated or nonextant, to supply for the recovery of endangered or threatened species, and promote the direction of other species to forestall them from going at hazard. More specifically, the Act will: set up the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) as an independent organic structure of experts responsible for measuring and placing species at hazard ; require that the best available cognition be used to specify long and short-run aims in a recovery scheme and action program ; create prohibitions to protect listed threatened and endangered species and their critical home ground ; acknowledge that compensation may be needed to guarantee equity following the infliction of the critical home ground prohibitions ; make a public register to help in doing paperss under the Act more accessible to the populace ; and be consistent with Aboriginal and pact rights and respect the authorization of other federal curates and provincial authoritiess. SARA is a consequence of the execution of the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy, which is in response to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The Act provides federal statute law to forestall wildlife species from going nonextant and to supply for their recovery. Process Chart 1. Monitoring starts with an stock list of wildlife species to acquire an thought of the population position and tendency, its ecological map, and a manner of tracking information. As a consequence, the Minister publishes the study on the general position of wildlife species, every 5 old ages. 2. The species assessment procedure is conducted by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) . Based on the position study, they use a commission of experts to carry on a species appraisal and delegate the position of a wildlife species believed to be at some grade of hazard nationally. 3. In response to an appraisal and position appellation, the Minister issues a response statement. This papers reflects the jurisdictional committedness to action and acts as a start to the national recovery procedure. 4. A recovery scheme outlines what is scientifically required for the successful recovery of a species at hazard. This includes an designation of its critical home ground and what demands should be addressed. An action program so identifies those specific actions needed to assist in the species recovery as identified in the recovery scheme. This includes the assorted undertakings and activities with associated timelines. 5. Evaluation plans are carried out against the ends and aims of the recovery scheme and action program, where they are most effectual. As a consequence, the Minister must bring forth an one-year study on the disposal and execution of the Act. Monitoring, appraisal, response, recovery, and rating are ongoing procedures that are taken to better the species position and ecosystem. Responsible Governments This subdivision provides information on the functions and duties of the cardinal sections, commissions, and councils tasked with transporting out activities under the Act. In general, the Minister of Environment is responsible for the overall disposal, except when the Act gives duty to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. Department of Environment Department of Fisheries and Oceans Parks Canada Agency Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk Department of Environment The Minister of Environment is responsible for the overall coordination of the federal species at hazard scheme, including the execution of federal activities in support of the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada ( the Accord ) , the disposal of the Habitat Stewardship Program for species at hazard, and the Interdepartmental Recovery Fund. The Minister of Environment is besides responsible for the protection and recovery of migratory birds and species at hazard on federal lands other than those under the duty of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans or those persons under the duty of Parks Canada Agency. Under the Accord, it is understood that the states and districts will set about actions and enforce prohibitions for the preservation of species at hazard under their legal power. In add-on, the Minister of the Environment is responsible for the induction and facilitation of multi-jurisdictional recovery squads, and for organizing the development of recovery schemes for species necessitating the engagement of more than one legal power. The Minister of the Environment will try to come in into understandings with states and districts for them to develop recovery schemes for species under their direction duty. Visit the Environment Canada website A ; gt ; Department of Fisheries and Oceans The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans is responsible for the protection and recovery of aquatic species at hazard under federal legal power, other than persons under the duty of the Minister of the Environment in the instance of persons found on National Wildlife Areas, and Parks Canada Agency. The Minister is responsible for implementing the necessary preservation and protection steps under the Species at Risk Act for aquatic species on the legal protection list. You read "The Species At Risk Act Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Aquatic species to be protected includes fish or Marine works species defined as such under the federal Fisheries Act, and those which have been assessed against COSEWIC ‘s categorization standards. The Minister will work closely with both the Minister of Environment and Parks Canada Agency, to guarantee common and consistent attacks within the federal authorities to protecting species at hazard. Visit the Department of Fisheries and Oceans website amp ; gt ; Parks Canada Agency Parks Canada Agency is responsible for the development of recovery schemes for those species that occur in Canada chiefly in national Parkss, national historic sites and other federal protected heritage countries under the authorization of the Minister. The Minister is besides responsible for the direction and recovery of species found in national Parkss and lands administered by the Minister. Visit the Parks Canada Agency website A ; gt ; Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council The Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council ( CESCC ) consists of the Minister of the Environment, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and Curates of the provincial / territorial authoritiess who are responsible for the preservation and direction of a wildlife species in that state or district. The function of CESCC is to supply general way on the activities of COSEWIC ; organize the activities of the assorted authoritiess represented on the Council relating to the protection of species at hazard ; and seek and see advice and recommendations from the National Aboriginal Council on species at hazard. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) provides advice to authorities on the position of wildlife species and was established for the first clip as a legal entity under the Species at Risk Act. COSEWIC is composed of qualified wildlife experts drawn from the federal, provincial, and territorial authoritiess, wildlife direction boards, Aboriginal groups, universities, museums, national non-governmental organisations and others with expertness in the preservation of wildlife species in Canada. Members are appointed by the Minister of Environment after audience with the Council ( CESCC ) and appropriate experts. COSEWIC operates at arm ‘s length from authorities in an unfastened and crystalline procedure, keeping impartial scientific and adept opinion in its appraisal of wildlife species. The function of COSEWIC is to measure and sort the position of wildlife species utilizing the best available information on the biological position of a species, including scientific cognition, community cognition, and Aboriginal traditional cognition. COSEWIC classifies wildlife species and studies to the CESCC. Visit the COSEWIC website A ; gt ; National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk The National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk ( NACOSAR ) is an consultative council comprised of six representatives of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada selected by the Minister of Environment based upon recommendations from Aboriginal organisations that the Minister considers appropriate. The function of the Council is to rede the Minister on the Administration of the Act and supply advice and recommendations to the Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council ( CESCC ) under subdivision 8.1 and 8.2 of the Speciess at Risk Act ( SARA ) . 2 ) infusion from the Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2008 March Status Report of the Commissioner of Environment and Sustainable Development, Chapter 5 Ecosystems – Protection of Speciess at Risk ( viewed Feb. 11, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_200803_05_e_30131.html Main Points What we examined As of June 2007, there were 389 species in Canada listed as at hazard on Schedule 1 of the 2002 Speciess at Risk Act. Under the Act, the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans are responsible for fixing recovery schemes, action programs, and direction programs for species at hazard for which they are the competent curate. In 2001, we found that there was a demand for better baseline information to enable the authorities to efficaciously pull off species at hazard. We recommended that Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada develop a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard under their legal power and guarantee that recovery schemes for these species be developed and implemented. The three organisations agreed with our recommendations. Although our 2001 audit focused on activities in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin, the three organisations manage their activities on a national footing and hence, for this Status Report we examined advancement made on our recommendation by the responsible sections from a national position. We besides examined conformity with subdivisions of the 2002 Speciess at Risk Act, which came into force after our last audit but which relate to our recommendations. These subdivisions of the Act have specific and normative demands sing recovery schemes. Why it ‘s of import Apart from its intrinsic value as portion of Canada ‘s natural heritage, Canada ‘s biodiversity, including wild species of workss and animate beings, represents a huge depot of biological resources. The workss, mammals, and aquatic species found in ecosystems are mutualist and hence keeping ecological diverseness is of import to keeping the wellness and unity of the environment. Although it may travel unnoticed by most people, the loss of one or two cardinal species can hold ripple effects across an ecosystem with potentially important effects on our quality of life. Harmonizing to assorted scientific beginnings, human activities in the 21st century have greatly increased the rate at which species are vanishing. What we found Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada have made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendation associating to the development of a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard, while Parks Canada has made satisfactory advancement on this recommendation. The three organisations have made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendation associating to the development of recovery schemes and have non complied with specific deadline demands established by the Speciess at Risk Act. As of June 2007, recovery schemes should hold been completed for 228 species at hazard, but recovery schemes completed at that day of the month reference merely 55 of those species. Departments and organisations are besides required under the Act to place to the extent possible, critical home ground necessary for the endurance or recovery of species at hazard. As of June 2007, critical home ground had been identified for 16 of the 228 species at hazard for which recovery schemes were due. Despite the advancement noted at Parks Canada, the federal authorities as a whole has made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendations associating to the development of a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard and of recovery schemes. While work is under manner to develop appropriate informations sharing understandings with 3rd parties, such as provincial and territorial authoritiess, and non-governmental organisations such as Nature Serve, stock list informations aggregations vary across Canada. Ongoing betterments to informations quality and information consistence are needed. How to cite The Species At Risk Act Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Origin of Korean War Essay Example For Students

Origin of Korean War Essay Origins of Korean WarKorean War started on the 25th June 1950, but do you know how and why it happened? When someone mentions the Korean War, everyone knows that it was a civil war between the North and the South Korea. But, do you know the origin of how it actually got started? There are lot of things that happened, before the North Koreans decided to cross over the 38th parallel. Korean civil war was just a small part of the whole war. The war also included more then just Koreans. What people dont know is that there were other countries that took a huge part in the start of the Korean War such as Japan, China, Russia, and United States. In the nineteenth century, Korea was just a small peasant society that paid tribute to the Chinese. This small Korean society was nothing more then a part of an inward-looking pre-capitalist Chinese world (MacDonald 3). But when the Russia and Japanese imperialism made a huge effect on the China, Korea was able to come out of its isolation. By the end of the century, Korea had become a prize in a three-way contest between China, Russia and Japan. In 1894, Japan defeated China, thus eliminating them from the contest. Then in 1905, Japan defeated Russia, making them the dominant power in Korea. In 1910, Japan took over Korea and made them into a Japanese colony. As soon as Korea became a Japanese colony, Korea became the Japans expansion into the Northeast Asia. Though Japan tried to pursue a program of modernization, Japans rule was generally unpopular. This created a Korean group called KPG. KPG was a Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai in 1921. This was a self-constructed group that later came to be known as the main source of resistance to Japanese rule in 1930. Man named Kim Il Sung was one of the members of the KPG who stood out amongst the rest. He later becomes the president of North Korea. After struggling for forty years as a Japanese colony, Korea now had to struggle as a pawn in the newly created Cold War (Hastings 25). The Americans decided to land troops to occupy Korea at the end of the war as soon as they found out that the Russia was interested in overtaking the Korea as their sphere of interest. A Soviet Unions occupying Korea would create and entirely new strategic situation in the Far East. Though Pentagon decided that interest towards Korea was not going to be a long-term interest to the US, their view changed drastically within three weeks. Washingtons view of both the desirability and feasibility to deny at least a small part of Korea changed. On August 10, 1945, dropping of the Nagasaki bomb finalized the participation of the US occupation in Korea. Unexpected by the United States, Soviet Union agreed to accept the 38th parallel as their limit of advance(Hastings 27). Russia and United States met in Potsdam and decided that it would be for the best if th ey were to accept the surrender of the Japanese forces in Korea by dividing the country at the 38th parallel. This event took place during the summer of 1945. As in Europe, 38th parallel became permanent, violating the US and Russias sphere of interest. Russia and the US tried to define the parameters of change, only to find out that they both supported the different sides. While Russia took the left, US took the alliance with the right. This placed the conservatives in control of the security device that was granted by the defeated Japanese. Russia accepted the Japanese surrender in August, and United States accepted the Japanese surrender in September. Through this, Korea had unexpectedly found themselves separated. North Korea was now set up to work as an satellite state for China and South Korea was to become a free nation prepared by the United States. .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 , .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .postImageUrl , .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 , .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:hover , .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:visited , .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:active { border:0!important; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:active , .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161 .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u492da194558808f4d4002a760a217161:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forgiveness EssayBy the year of 1950, the North Korea Peoples Army was trained and equipped by the Soviet Union. North Koreans were now heavily trained and now had an aggressive military force. They were well equipped with Russian small arms, artillery, armor, and propeller-driven fighter aircraft(Knox 3).

Why Everyone Should Play an Instrument Essay Example

Why Everyone Should Play an Instrument Essay Introduction So lets say you want to become rich, famous, and adored by a vast majority of the world. Youve got some options. You could write a great book. You could play the lead in an expensive movie. Or you could become a rock star. While its unlikely that youll ever do any of those things and become rich and famous, each of those things on their own adds an incredible amount of value to your life personally. Today, I want to tell you why everyone should learn to play an instrument if they want to better themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Everyone Should Play an Instrument specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Everyone Should Play an Instrument specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Everyone Should Play an Instrument specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Body I. Playing an instrument improves your physical body Playing an instrument improves your physical control and well-being. Instruments require varying levels of both stamina and physical prowess to play. If youve ever been to a concert and watched the drummer, youve seen this in action by the end of the first two songs, most drummers are drenched in sweat. Researchers from the University of Chichester found that touring drummers burn an average of 300 calories per hour, and lose a quart of body fluids in that same timeframe. Drumming might be an extreme example, but playing any instrument while standing strains your whole body. Playing an instrument also improves your coordination. Drumming comes to mind as an extreme example of coordinating four limbs to operate independently at once, but even the piano takes a high level of hand-eye coordination to play well. Instruments train you to move smoothly, quickly, and precisely as you learn to keep rhythm while playing the correct notes. II. Playing an instrument improves your mind As physical as instrumental hand-eye coordination is, its also a mental exercise. Learning chords, rhythm patterns, and reading music enhance your mind. Playing an instrument can increase your memory, improve your organizational skills, and refine your math and reading abilities. As an example, lets say youre playing the guitar and learning how to play Crazy Train. First, you hav

The Science Behind Glow-in-the-Dark Products

The Science Behind Glow-in-the-Dark Products Glow-in-the-dark powders, glow sticks, ropes, etc., are all fun examples of products using luminescence, but do you know the science behind how it works? The Science Behind Glow-in-the-Dark Glow-in-the-dark falls under several different sciences including: Photoluminescence by definition is the emission of light from a molecule or atom that has absorbed electromagnetic energy. Examples include fluorescence and phosphorescence materials. The glow-in-the-dark plastic constellation kits that you stick on your wall or ceiling are an example of a photoluminescence-based product.Bioluminescence is the light emitted by living organisms using an internal chemical reaction (think deep sea creatures).Chemiluminescence is the emission of light without the emission of heat as the result of a chemical reaction (e.g., glowsticks),Radioluminescence is created by the bombardment of ionizing radiation. Chemiluminescence and photoluminescence are behind the majority of glow-in-the-dark products. According to Alfred University professors, the distinct difference between chemical luminescence and photoluminescence is that for light to work via chemical luminescence, a chemical reaction has to occur. However, during photoluminescence, light is released without a chemical reaction. The History of Glow-in-the-Dark Phosphorus and its various compounds are phosphorescents or materials that glow-in-the-dark. Before knowing about phosphorus, its glowing properties were reported in ancient writings. The oldest known written observations were made in China, dating back to 1000 BCE regarding fireflies and glow-worms. In 1602, Vincenzo Casciarolo discovered the phosphorus-glowing Bolognian Stones just outside of Bologna, Italy. This discovery started the first scientific study of photoluminescence. Phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by German physician Hennig Brand. He was an alchemist who was attempting to change metals into gold when he isolated phosphorus. All photoluminescence glow-in-the-dark products contain phosphor. To make a glow-in-the-dark toy, toymakers use a phosphor that is energized by normal light and that has a very long persistence (the length of time it glows). Zinc Sulfide and Strontium Aluminate are the two most commonly used phosphors. Glowsticks Several patents were issued for Chemiluminescent Signal Devices during the early seventies that were used for naval signaling. Inventors Clarence Gilliam and Thomas Hall patented the first Chemical Lighting Device in October 1973 (Patent 3,764,796). However, it is not clear who patented the very first glowstick designed for play. In December 1977, a patent was issued for a Chemical Light Device to inventor Richard Taylor Van Zandt (U.S. Patent 4,064,428). Zandts design was the first to add a steel ball inside the plastic tube that when shook would break the glass ampoule and start the chemical reaction. Many toy glowsticks were built based on this design. Modern Glow-in-the-Dark Science Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a contactless, nondestructive method of probing the electronic structure of materials. This is from a patent-pending technology developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that uses small organic molecule materials to create organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and other electronics. Scientists in Taiwan say they have bred three pigs that glow-in-the-dark.

Suffolk University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Suffolk University Admissions and Acceptance Rate With an acceptance rate of 84  percent, Suffolk University is largely accessible school. Students with solid grades and test scores within (or above) the ranges listed below have a good chance of being admitted each year. To apply, prospective students will need to submit an application, high school transcripts, letters of recommendation, and an essay/personal statement. If you have any questions about applying, be sure to contact the admissions office at Suffolk. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Suffolk University Acceptance Rate: 84 percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Suffolk AdmissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 560SAT Math: 460 / 560SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 20  / 25What these ACT numbers mean Suffolk University Description Suffolk University is a  private university  located in Boston, Massachusetts. Originally founded as a law school, the university has expanded to include colleges of arts and sciences, business and art and design. The urban campus is right in the heart of downtown Boston on Beacon Hill. The university also has two satellite campuses in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Madrid, Spain. Suffolk has a student-faculty ratio  of 12 to 1 for its undergraduate school and 17 to 1 in the law school. Its academic offerings include 41 undergraduate majors and 20 graduate programs in addition to the law school’s Juris Doctor, Master of Laws and Doctor of Juridicial Science degrees. Other popular areas of study include marketing, finance and communication/journalism. Outside of academics, students are actively involved in campus life, participating in nearly 90 clubs and organizations. The Suffolk University Rams compete in the NCAA Division III Great Northeast Athletic Conference. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 7,461  (5,191 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 45  percent male / 55 percent female95  percent full-time Costs (2016 -17) Tuition and Fees: $35,578Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $14,730Other Expenses: $2,525Total Cost: $54,033 Suffolk University Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 93  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 93 percentLoans: 60 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $18,575Loans: $9,127 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, Crime and Justice, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Public RelationsWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 75  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 45  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 59  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Baseball, Golf, Basketball, Hockey, Tennis, Cross Country, SoccerWomens Sports:  Soccer, Tennis, Softball, Volleyball, Basketball, Track and Field If You Like Suffolk University, You May Also Like These Schools: Bridgewater State University: Profile  Boston College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUMass - Amherst: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMerrimack College: Profile  Roger Williams University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCurry College: Profile  New York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHofstra University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEmerson College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNortheastern University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Rhode Island: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEndicott College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

History of Baseball in America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History of Baseball in America - Assignment Example In the year 1942, he joined Brooklyn Dodgers and initiated a plan to transport a black player inside the team that would not only accelerate team’s performance but also delivers a socially aware message to the American society for its benefit. However, he was also skeptic that the inclusion of the black player will need to be more than a brilliant athlete with state wrong mental strength to restrain from being provoked by the unfriendliness and foul languages that might otherwise raise disagreements imposing negative effects on the team’s sustainability. After exploring many players from Negro leagues, Branch Ricky decided to involve Jackie Robinson in the year 1945. Jackie was an African American baseball player, who was then playing with Kansas City Monarchs, an important group in the Negro Leagues (The Library of Congress, n.d.). In that time many economic and other multifaceted problems forced and entertained the racial segregation in baseball. For instance, a number of major league teams used to give their stadiums on rent to the Negro Teams only when their own team was on a long journey; thus, hindering cross-communication between the two groups. Consequently, if integration would have been conducted in the sport, the Negro teams would have lost their best players and the Negro League would face difficulties to carry on as a result many of Negro players losing their source of revenue. Moreover, with such practices, the stadium owners would lose their rental profits (The Library of Congress, n.d.). Notably, the existence of these political and economic obstacles increased complexities in the integration process. To avoid these hazards, Branch Ricky proposed Jackie to be a part of a major league in March, 1945. In August, 1945, they met at Brooklyn Dodger’s office where Jackie was informed that Ricky would be starting a new team named Brown Dodgers. Subsequently, Jackie agreed to sign the bond with Brooklyn’s Triple-A minor league farm club, the Montreal Royals.

Variety Xian Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Variety Xian Experience - Essay Example It is safe to state that faith is the bedrock of Christianity as a religion. "As a system of faith, Christianity manifests 'faith' in all the various meanings that this term has acquired in the history of religion: as loyalty to the divine, based on the prior loyalty of the divine to the world and to humanity; as the confidence that God is trustworthy in truth and love; as dependence on the Father of Jesus Christ, who is the source of all good in this life and in the life to come; as the commitment to direct thought and action in accordance with the divine word and will; and as the affirmation that certain events and declarations, as given by divine revelation, are a reliable index to that will and word. It is the last of those meanings that provides a basis for describing in an epitome what it is that Christianity believes, teaches, and confesses. It is all about having faith in God," (Pelikan 2005). Prayer is the door that opens unto a storehouse of treasures. Even Jesus Christ ope nly confessed that, "ask and it will be given you; seek and you find; knock and the door will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives; he who seeks finds; and to him who knocks, the door will be opened," (cf. Matthew 7:7-8). Th... Confessions, II, 2). Therese Elizabeth enthused about the sweetness and the wonder of the divine guidance she received from God (cf. J.M.J.T, p.14). No better way to summarize the magnanimity of God's consolations towards mankind than in these words of Kempis: " Christ will come to you offering His consolation, if you prepare a fit dwelling place for Him in your heart, whose beauty and glory, wherein He takes delight, are all from within'. His peace great and His intimacy wonderful indeed," (cf. Imitation, II, p.208). Certainly, from these primary experiences, it could be noted that the individuals who have realized the importance of prayer naturally make it easier for people back then up until the present time to actually be able handle life challenges successfully. Being the main channel of communication between God and his faithful followers, prayer plays a great role on the process by which true Christian s are able to create a fine relationship between them and the God that they worship. It is undeniable that prayer indeed plays a huge role within the development of the belief and faith that Christians put upon God. SINCE earliest times men have felt the need to pray to God. Realizing their own insignificance and inability to reach him without help, they have invented numerous "aids" to prayer. Some persons use prayer books. They read prayers that have been written for various occasions, hoping that these will help them to gain God's favor. Others pray to saints, asking them to intercede with God in their behalf. Another common practice is that of memorizing prayers and using a rosary to keep track of how many times these are said. However, even some religious leaders in churches that use these aids consider them

The Value of Hrm to Business Organisations Essay Example for Free

The Value of Hrm to Business Organisations Essay The value of HRM to business organisations Section 1: Literature Review The approach to the employment of people experienced a major shift from traditional personnel management towards human resource management (HRM) in 1980s, when the deflation and recession crashed into the infrastructure of employment. After that shift, the employees were more likely assumed as valuable assets and a key source of competitive advantage (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002), and the effective management of ‘resourceful humans’ tended to be seen as a crucial approach to improve organizational performance through ‘the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques’ (Storey, 2007, p. 7). As an integral and prominent part of HRM, the pay and reward management also has undergone many considerable changes over the past two decades driven by the shift of organizational management as mentioned above. More recently, the notion that equilibrium pay level results from Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand† – market forces – can hardly explain the pay and reward system of HRM, which involves far-researching aims (Gilman, 2009). Lawler’s ‘new pay’ began to attach much importance to the understanding of the organization’s goals, values and culture and the challenges of a global economy when formulating pay strategy (Armstrong, 2002). And its model suggested that the reward strategy should consist of three key elements: the organization’s core value, structural issues and process, whose consistency would be the key factor of effectiveness of the reward system (Lawler, 1995). More frequently, the reward system is now linked to business strategy through motiving people to behave in expected ways. As Gomez-Mejia (1993, cited in Kessler, 2007) stated that the new approach to pay is more about achieving business objectives, rather than the issues of internal equity and external equity. However, the reward system as a strategic tool in practice is quite doubtful. Many studies showed the indeterminate results from such system like PRP in  terms of performance (Gilman, 2009). And Lewis (2006) also pointed out the limitations of assumptions in Lawler’s model. What’s more, the pay design is fraught with difficulties in changing people’s behavior for organizational goals. For example, the business objectives may contradict on each other in pay policy (Marchington and Wilkinson, 1998). Additionally, it was argued that the business strategy should not be primacy over internal and external equity. As Kessler (2007) suggested that the employees are more likely to feel good and act in ways to progress business objectives if they are paid fairly. And he also pointed out that business strategy and equity may be well related, rather than being alternatives. In the light of these statements, various types of payment scheme are developed such as Payment by Results, Performance Related Pay, Total Reward and Skills-based Pay. And each of them involves a range of principles like internal and external equity, working time, outcome, skills and competencies, effectiveness, experience. The combinations of different principles vary from organizational objectives, cultures and features. Thus there is unlikely to be an all-fit system for every organization. This paper will then focus on the Performance Related Pay (PRP) and the organizations with PRP system. Performance-related Pay (PRP) appears in organizations during 1980s as a result of motivating people to improve their work performance and developing a culture which performance plays a determinant role. First-generation system implemented in the 1980s did not acquire desirable results. Some organizations are carrying out second-generation system to avoid previous mistakes. Others are trying the pay relevant to competence or contribution (Armstrong, 2002). Nowadays, PRP is introduced continuously in two-thirds of organizations (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002). ‘Performance-related Pay (PRP) provides individuals with financial rewards in the form of increases to basic pay or cash bonuses which are linked to an assessment of performance, usually in relation to agreed objectives’ (Armstrong, 2002, p. 286). According to Armstrong (2002), Performance-related Pay provides the following  potential advantages: Firstly, it incents individuals and thereby enhances personal and organizational performance. Secondly, it can be used as a lever for change. Thirdly, it conveys an idea that performance plays a significant role in general or specific fields. Also, it connects incentive programmes with the fulfillment of certain results which contribute to realize organizational goals. Additionally, it is beneficial for organization to recruit and retain people with monetary incentives. Finally, it satisfies a fundamental human need to acquire rewards for fulfillment. However, there are some problems about PRP. If employees agree about the principle and practice of PRP, then they will do better jobs and organization will acquire beneficial outcomes. Inversely, if they do not agree about either the principle or practice of PRP, they will not be motivated effectively for better work performance and organization will get bad outcomes (Lewis, 1998, cited in Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002). According to a research made by Marsden and Richardson (1994, cited in Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002), PRP may cause jealousy among employees. Unfairness exists in distribution of performance payments which is the major reason for the non-efficiency of motivation. The amount of money is also a significant element for successful introducing PRP. If it is not large enough, then it is hard to trigger a change in work performance. As Lawler (1990, cited in Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002, p. 501) suggested that variable pay less than 10 per cent of base salary would be not attractive in PRP scheme. An organization introduces and develops a PRP programme generally involving these main stages: setting objectives for rewarding employees according to their performance; analyzing the circumstances of organization, including its culture and the type of employees; determining who should be participated in line managers, team leaders, employees and trade unions; considering methods of performance appraisal; carrying out the plan and assessing its effects. PRP should be schemed and conducted with great care and organizations have to be flexible to adjust the plan timely for constantly changing environment and the feedback from staff (Armstrong,  2002). The following part will describe two organizations conducting PRP scheme. Section 2: Case Study Description In this section, two pieces of empirical researches are introduced for the further analysis in next section. The first case of Finbank is regarded as an unsuccessful case of PRP system. And the second case of NHS has been chosen for two reasons: Firstly, though NHS is not exactly a business organization, the PRP of NHS was set by commercial-oriented objectives (Bach, 1994, cited in Dowling and Richardson). Therefore NHS still bears mush resemblance of business organizations in respect of PRP. Secondly, few empirical researches showed the positive result of PRP in the four journals. Thus the case of PRP in NHS is introduced here for its commercial-oriented objectives and relatively successful results. 2.1 The case of Finbank’s reward strategy for managers  (Summarized from Lewis, P. (2000) Exploring Lawler’s new pay theory through the case of Finbank’s reward strategy for managers. Personnel Review, 29(1), pp. 10-32.) The article explains consequences and effectiveness of introducing PRP in Finbank, by using Lawler’s model, where Lawler argues that three principal elements of reward system – core vale, process and structure – need to be consistent for the effectiveness of the system. The interviews of managers and personnel staff were conducted to explore their views on the reasons why the bank adopted PRP, and the extent to which it was successful. Finbank introduced the new reward system with the business objectives of ‘driving up income and driving down costs’, where the incremental system never worked and any increase in salary depended on performance. This shift was expected to create a â€Å"performance culture†, while the process of implementation was more likely to result in a reduction of trust between Finbank and its managers. Consequently, PRP in Finbank was regarded as the main measure of cost control, not incentive mechanism for better performance. The research showed that the low level of communication was the one of main features in Finbank’s PRP and reduced the effectiveness of the whole system. A lack of participation and involvement in objectives setting and performance appraisal resulted in low acceptance of the new system, and low levels of openness in performance feedback and reward criteria also declined the credibility of PRP process. In conclusion, a fundamental inconsistency between the process and the values in Lawler’s model was argued for the deficiencies of PRP system. While, more limitations of a simple top-down process assumption, an assumption of causal link between reward strategy and employees’ behavior, deterministic assumption in Lawler’s model were tested by the Finbank case. 2.2 The case of PRP system for managers in the NHS  (Summarized from Dowling, B. and Richardson, R. (1997) Evaluating performance-related pay for managers in the National Health Service. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(3), pp. 348-366.) This paper assesses the use of PRP (performance-related pay) for NHS (National Health Service) managers and explains the limited success drawbacks in the scheme’s design and administration. In addition, some refinements and implications of the scheme are also concluded. In the first section, the author gives a brief introduction of NHS scheme. The three key elements of the scheme include the setting of objectives, the appraisal of the degree that these objectives being achieved and the increased payment linked to the assessment. As for the evaluation criterion of the scheme, the author took various factors into consideration, such as its impact on manager’s motivation. However, evaluating a single policy innovation can be rather difficult as long as the circumstances maintain uncertain. To make subjective judgments of the extent the scheme succeeds, some explanatory theoretical framework based on scheme’s three key elements is also launched, including structured interviews and questionnaires for gathering data from managers. According to the respondents, the scheme exerts limited positive effects on managers’ motivation and colleagues’ co-operation, and no evident corresponding negative consequences are indicated. The difference in the results may be explained in the following two reasons: the better implement and the mature design. The author tries to figure out why the scheme motivates only a certain group of people by examining the raw data and using formal multivariate analysis on further study of the scheme’s three elements. Considering both the qualitative and quantitative material involved, the initial examination of the raw data suggests that the three elements of the scheme have different degrees of success. Respondents were most satisfied with many of the objective-setting process elements which may result from improved motivation levels; however, respondents expressed more insistent reservations on the of the performance-judging process elements; in terms of the rewarding element, even few respondents believed the scheme’s financial provisions themselves act as an incentive. So this could be another problem of implementation which hinders the success that the scheme supposed to have. Section 3: Analysis and Conclusions 3.1 Analysis of the case of Finbank As mentioned in the section 2, the research of Finbank’s reward strategy followed the analytical structure of Lawer’s model, where the effectiveness of the reward strategy depended on the consistencies between three crucial elements: the organization’s core values, process of implementation and the structure of pay. In this section, the element of process will be focused and used as analytical framework. 3.1.1 Setting objectives In the major background of recession and deflation of the 1980s, it seems reasonable to set the business objectives as ‘driving up income and driving down costs’ in the condition where PRP was introduced to Finbank with the closure of branches and the consequent loss of jobs. According to author’s research, most managers interviewed regarded cost reduction as a major motive for the introduction of PRP, which led to reduction of trust between  the Finbank and its managers. This negative effect of PRP results from the fact that the business objectives may be contradictive on each other in pay policy (Marchington and Wilkinson, 1998). For ‘driving up income’, the bank want to create the managers behaviors and attitudes meeting with customers’ needs. Whereas for ‘driving down cost’, salary cost the major cost in the financial industry would be cut producing negative attitudes. For sure, the motivational effects of PRP were seriously restricted by the objective of cost reduction. 3.1.2 Measuring performance As Beer and Walton (1984) suggested, the acceptance could be improved by the involvement and participation in decision making and administration of reward system, but such participation was rare for the time-consuming. The research also showed the low acceptance and credibility of performance appraisal with the lack of such participation in Finbank. And the author argued that the criteria of appraisal encouraged managers to focus on â€Å"hard† financial and short-term targets rather than â€Å"soft† and long-term ones like developmental relationships with staff and customers, which managers thought were more important. It sounds reasonable, but more cautious consideration should be taken in this issue. For the â€Å"soft† performance cannot be reliably tested and easier for managers to argue. And such is human nature, that the â€Å"hard† criteria of PRP can hardly meet pleasantness of â€Å"risk-averse† employees, who were used to enjoy the securi ty and predictability of the automatic annual increase in the incremental system. 3.1.3 Performance feedback and translating performance into reward The research showed that there was little feedback on performance received by managers. Furthermore, there were no clear criteria about how to translate a certain performance into reward. These two processes have key functions in changing employees’ behaviors, where Finbank seemed to be a failure. Furthermore, a lack of openness in performance feedback process and reward criteria led to the low trust and credibility in the whole PRP process, which seriously had negative impact on the effectiveness of the system. Personally, the lack of money available to drive the PRP and the cost-control objective appeared to be the main reasons for these results. 3.1.4 Major value of PRP in Finbank PRP was a powerful symbol of â€Å"performance culture† at Finbank, which emphasized individual performance rather than the length of the service. This major shift of culture would definitely change employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Though it seems that the change was not positive and the motivational effects of PRP was a failure in this case, the PRP was still an integral and crucial part of business strategy of Finbank, which drove Finbank from poor commercial performance in 1980s to a recovery in profits in 1900s. On the credit side, PRP of Finbank indeed achieved one of the most importance objectives driving down the cost, which practically is the obvious and vital value of PRP in Finbank, though it is theoretically not the major function of PRP. 3.2 Analysis of the case of NHS The analysis from the research suggests the PRP scheme in NHS is comparatively successful. Although Marsden and Richardson (1994, cited by Dowling and Richardson, 1997) state PRP not only has positive influence, it also has many serious drawbacks; Thompson(1993, cited by Dowling and Richardson, 1997) argues PRP may demotivate employees rather than incenting them; Cannell and Wood(1992, cited by Dowling and Richardson, 1997) question the role of monetary incentives in motivation, because they believe people who work for Health Service are not for money; according to the questionnaire, 29 per cent managers motivated by the scheme and the majority of them thought they work harder than before. From this point, in my opinion, the PRP in NHS is working, but with limited effectiveness. The PRP scheme in NHS has three elements: setting objectives, judging performance and the according rewards. Goal setting plays an essential role in PRP scheme. The best objectives are challenging but reasonable with agreed deadlines, otherwise, it may challenge managers instead of motivating them. Besides, making objectives clearly and acquiring feedback and support from immediate superior also exert an impact on the effectiveness of objectiveness. While the process of goal-setting in NHS is relatively success, because the majority of mangers thought objectives fit above characteristics and enhance their motivation and work behavior. For judging performance, to a certain extent, it reduces the effectiveness of PRP in NHS. As mentioned in the material, 67 per cent managers thought it is subjective to evaluate work performance to determine the awards. It is hard to keep fairness in judgment which is from the ideas of assessors. To conduct PRP scheme, it is necessary to remain objectives in performance appraisal with agreed criteria. As mentioned in section 1, the amount of money is also an important element for successful introducing PRP. If it is not large enough, then it is hard to trigger a change in work performance. NHS managers appear to do not pay attention to this point. From the research, it can be found the monetary incentives were thought to be sardonic which was too little to act as a motivator. Probably, the limited cash environment may be a reason for it. The feeling of not reflecting personal fulfillments and subjective judgments make the rewards highly critical. After analyzing main elements of the scheme, some aspects of it should be improved by policy makers. Firstly, people challenged by their objectives may be motivated to work harder. Therefore, objectives set should make people feel reasonable. This demands managers acquire appropriate feedback and support from their immediate superiors timely. Additionally, the process of performance appraisal should be operated with fairness. Otherwise, it may destroy the sense of challenge and cut down PRP’s effectiveness of motivation. Secondly, the scheme’s financial aspects are the other important part. The scheme should make the clarity to managers of the relation between effort and rewards, which is beneficial for strengthening the reliability and predictability of PRP scheme. Thereby, it heightens the motivational and behavioral effects of PRP scheme. (2922)

Natorp on Social Education: A Paideia for all Ages :: Teaching Education Philosophy

Natorp on Social Education: A Paideia for all Ages ABSTRACT: In Man and his Circumstances: Ortega as Educator, Robert McClintock says that American educators have forgotten about the influence of Natorp. This essay proposes to discuss Natorp's Platonic and Neo-Kantian view of the human being and of knowledge as a foundation to all education. It will examine the influence of Friedrich Schleiermacher, the distinguished German philosopher, and of the great Swiss educator, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, on Natorp's ideas. In Natorp's view of Socialpadagogik (Social Education), it is not possible to have any positive social or political change without great alterations in educational philosophy. The work of the American educator, Robert Hutchins, will be discussed and defended as an exemplary attempt in the practice of higher education of these ideals. Although Hutchin's programs were adapted for only a short time by the University of Chicago and by a few small liberal arts colleges, his influence, as well as that of American disciples of Na torp and Pestalozzi, still has lasting value, since it is based on the idea that we are all souls in development. Paul Natorp's several important works on the philosophy of education, such as Pestalozzi: Sein Leben und seine Ideen, (1) are grounded in his Neo-Kantian epistemology. The post 1900 Natorp expanded his theory of knowledge from the purely Neo-Kantian idea that the Ding an Sich and the noumenal world were not only unknowable but also could not even be posited as existing. He expanded it to include the idea that the Ding an Sich is the "X" at the borders of the known which always moves into the unknown. As Natorp puts it in his own words, "Erkenntnis ist nicht stillstand, sondern ewiger Fortgang." (2) (Knowlege is not standing still, but is eternal movement.) Our experience builds on itself. Each individual must be treated as a living soul constantly building on experience in life (Erlebnis). Science is not the only criterion for knowledge, but the philosophical examination of the growth or degradation of the soul becomes the standard. In this sense, Natorp is a Neo-Platonist, because h e does not see limits to the possibilities of the soul. However, he never actually speaks of metempsychosis. This idea is noumenal. Finally, Natorp's view of religion is essential here. Religion is also not knowledge, but it is a repository of the rules of moral behavior which should, nevertheless, be determined by reason.

Privatized Public Beaches in Lebanon

Privatized public beaches in Lebanon OutlineI. IntroductionII. Causes of privatising public beachesA. Political groundsB. Economic groundsIII. Effectss of privatising public beachesA. Addition in monetary valuesB. Private beaches considered publicDecision IV Beachs in Lebanon have been used through old ages for several grounds. The Lebanese jurisprudence provinces, like any other state in the universe, that entree to the beach should be free and unfastened to everyone ( †¦ .. ) . This fact did non censor some of the powerful Lebanese people to privatise these public beaches. † Over 10 1000000s of metres of lands historically classified as Mashaa’ ( repossessing public belongingss ) , in add-on to public belongingss which some are State-owned, such as sea and rivers, were conquered over the last coevalss † ( Safadi, 2012 ) claimed the Lebanese curate of finance. This support took topographic point in order to build an model for economic system that would to boot downgrade the construct of public countries and the public good, stressing much more on private involvements. This type of devastation erased landscaped countries, beaches, agricultural lands and to the full eliminated celebrated markets and popular histori cal edifices. Not merely this, but it besides changed many topographic points that were full of memories, which must be preserved. Privatizing beaches have been turning improbably fast with clip. New epicurean beach resorts are turning like mushrooms all along the seashore, with all types of swimming pools and fancy Jacuzzis right at the seafront whereas barmans functioning cocktails in the center of bars inside the pools to sounds of loud music. This state of affairs has ne'er been inexistent, on the contrary nowadays through most of the clip really soundless and in different fortunes. Political intercessions were one of the chief causes of feeding this job. The beach has been â€Å"privatized † from all waies, from north to south. This denationalization does non profit the national exchequer nevertheless, it increases unusually the income of politicians who took over these beaches. A broad figure of these shores in Jounieh, Gieh, Jbeil and many other parts in Lebanon are transformed into Luxury resorts barely accessible by a few figure of the population. Even though this denationalization has several negative facets, it is still present in our state since political figures and parties are endorsing this type of work, even more, they are the proprietors of such undertakings. Despite the bad effects they can hold on the environment, they still prefer to up lift their ain benefit on top of any other topic. Their chief intent is to raise the biggest sum of money possible. Other than the political grounds that contribute in enlarging this subject, economical gro unds besides play an of import function. The proprietors of these topographic points hide behind touristry while supporting their work, as if taking over the populace had become an of import portion in enlarging the tourers activities. They claim that tourers are attracted to epicurean edifices and resorts therefore the topographic points are being built under the rubric of leisure and comfort. They try to do it as epicurean and every bit large as possible and in parallel raise the monetary values. In this instance, merely the rich category benefit. In contrary to what is thought to be done, these topographic points have more to veto than positive on touristry. The monetary values are increasing with the old ages making unaffordable rates that alternatively of pulling tourers forcing them off. Not merely these causes have erased the public beaches in Lebanon, but besides it created several economical effects and beaches that are considered populace could still be private. Thousands of Lebanese delay for summer season so they can get away the concrete metropolis to pass the twenty-four hours at the beach. However, in Lebanon there are now merely a few metres of seashore designated as public beaches. A big subdivision of Lebanese can no longer dunk their pess into the sea along their huge coastline. This fact is due to the improbably high monetary values imposed by the private sector, which even increases from weekdays to weekends. There are really few picks now: 250 beach nines are the lone manner the Lebanese can entree the sea. Not merely this, but every twelvemonth, the monetary values of entry rise and every twelvemonth. For illustration, for a Lebanese household to pass a twenty-four hours at the beach today, the cost scope would be from 100 000 L.L. to 200 000 L.L. Th is is the instance of a five members household merely. This is of class without factoring in the monetary value of H2O, nutrient, and drinks, because most beach nines employ people to seek bags upon entry, so that non even a bag of french friess enters the nine. Everything has to be bought indoors. Normally in resorts outside the capital, the monetary values are lower since the clients are largely locals but still sometimes unaffordable to many of the population. Harmonizing to the alleged nine proprietors, this addition in monetary value is explained and necessary. It is mentioned that the cost of Diesel, the addition in the rewards and conveyance costs of the employees, the rise in supplying electricity under the current terrible rationing agenda, and the rise in monetary values of stuffs to clean the pools have been factors to set these high monetary values. One specific illustration is about electricity being indispensable, â€Å"from air conditioning, pool filters, to the kitc hen and lighting. With the rise in the monetary value of Diesel, the cost of runing the generator has risen to $ 15,000 a month.† In add-on to the cited antecedently, the effects of privatising beaches have lead us back to many old ages earlier. During the war period, while some of the Lebanese people were excessively busy killing each other, others were clearly caught by something else. Stealing sand from the populace was at that place chief concern. They siphoned off 1000s of dozenss of sand, 10s of 1000s of trucks, possibly more, were sold off. Al-Akhbar estimations that one truckload of sand is deserving 400USD today. Let’s assume it was merely 300 or 200USD back so, that’s 1000000s if non one million millions of dollars stolen from the people. It is really likely presents to see a private belongings a public 1. Even while purchasing a land at the sea, it might be uncomplete whereas portion of it is really the sea due to the enlargement of lands. On the other manus, due to the immense sum of sand stolen in the yesteryear, the shore bound back so was manner more advanced in the sea. In this peculiar instance, the sea lawfully begins at the border of that unnaturally reclaimed piece of land. So much sand has disappeared, that the sea moved inland and is technically portion of the land being rented or bought. In decision, privatized beaches are present all around the universe. However, in other states than Lebanon, there is a replacing for the private topographic points. In Lebanon, the private is taking over the public illicitly due to political grounds and economical intents. The effects of the subject are enlarging, monetary values are increasing and private lands are considered private. Mentions:Mashaa’ collective, 2013,Reclaiming the parks in Beirut,retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arteeast.org/2013/10/20/reclaiming-the-seashore-through-art-and-activism/Lahoud C. , 2012,A call to weaponries to assist Lebanon’s seashore,the day-to-day star, retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Books/2012/Feb-08/162529-a-call-to-arms-to-help-lebanons-coast.ashx # axzz32C6fD5wtGino, 2012,Why Some Beach Resorts in Lebanon Are Completely Legal,retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //thelaw.com/2012/07/03/why-some-beach-resorts-in-lebanon-are-completely-legal/Beach blockers,2011, retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/beach_blockersAbouzaki R. , 2012,Lebanon’s Beachs: Sand Castles for the Richretrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //english.al-akhbar.com/node/85131

What attitudes does consumers have on purchasing genetically modified foods (GMF)?

â€Å"Genetically modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed through genetic engineering. † (Mavis 2008). As the population of the world has continued to grow, the supply pressure of food has become more and more significant. With the development of Genetically Modified biotechnology, GM Foods have been come into our daily lives. Though GM foods can help to improve the quality of life, there are risks to complete trust in GM foods. What’s more important, a part of consumers still have doubts about the understanding towards GM food. The question† What attitudes does consumers have on purchasing genetically modified food? † is meaningful because that the issue about GM foods is becoming increasingly controversial. The controversies towards GM foods generally focus on environmental ethics, food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. As customers are divided on their relative importance, some supporters claim that the GM technology can solve the problem of food crisis and poverty. They also consider that GM foods are beneficial to environment such as they can protect soil and water. However, opponents think that GM foods should have some potential threat to human health and they violate the rules of nature by mixing genes among different species. The purpose of this research is to gain a deep understand about the consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing GM foods and find out if most of consumers can accept GM foods. (Hutchison, 2004) Literature review In the last few years, many articles on the consumers’ attitudes toward GM food have appeared. There is a concise review of existing literature that evaluates consumers’ attitudes as following. Most of the information on European attitudes comes from a journal by Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003). The article focuses on posted and answered four questions on European consumers’ attitudes towards the use of GM food. These four questions are: (1) how negative are consumer attitudes to the event â€Å"GM technology applied in food production†? (2) How do these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM products? (3) How deeply does these attitudes rooted in customers’ opinion? 4) Will the new information and experience change the customers’ attitudes? Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) believe that these four questions are central for understanding the consumers’ attitudes about GM food. The article use some tables to evaluate the consumers’ attitudes about genetic modification in food production in seven European countries which are the UK, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway , Italy and Sweden. The data shows that most of the customer have negative attitude towards GM food, the average support for GM foods is quite low. The national differences can also be showed through the table: the attitude is most positive in Italy, and is most negative in Germany and the Scandinavian countries, while Finland and the UK in a middle position. And the article also showed some other surveys to support this result, for example, the Eurobarometer surveys, which is a most well know one, have also shown that most of consumers do not like GM foods (Frewer & Shepherd, 1995 and Durant, Bauer & Gaskell, 1998European Commission, 1997, European Commission, 2000,) For the question how these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM foods, Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) have design a research about yoghurt. In general, consumers prefer the low-Fat yoghurt, but the yoghurt will become non-attractive consistency if they produced based on skimmed milk. Though using additives can improve this problem, many consumers don’t like additives. However, by using GM technology, the yoghurt can be enough consistency, fat-free and no additives. It provided a good basis for the consumer preferences. In the research, consumers inspected the three products which are normal yoghurt, additives yoghurt and labeled GM yoghurt and rank them according to preference. And they must explain the reason for the ranking. The result showed that most of consumer rank GM yoghurt to last choice. And the common reasons are that the GM technology is not familiar and not trustworthy, they don’t know if the product is healthy, and it harms nature. The conclusion is explicit: the attitude to GM food has a strong influence on the preference of consumers. The third question and the last question were researched in another study. Respondents were asked to take part in a taste test of eight cheeses. Two weeks later, they participated in another taste test which only provides two kinds of cheese. One cheese was the same taste as the one which obtain the highest preference in the first test and it was labeled â€Å"produced with genetically modified technology†; the other one was the some taste as the one which obtain a medium preference in the first test. The results showed that when the most popular cheese labeled genetically modified technology, the preference was reduced. So, the study shows the attitude on GM food is deeply rooted in consumers’ opinion and is not easily to change by experience. There are also some other important researches about consumers’ attitudes towards GM food. Hamstra (1995) evaluate the acceptance of consumers toward GM food through three studies of Dutch consumers. Product characteristics and consumer characteristics are included in these studies. In the first study, consumers participated in a face-to-face interview about their attitudes and willingness to buy nine different GM foods (Hamstra, 1991). Means-end chain theory was used in the second study to further research these aspects in some focus group discussions (Hamstra, 1993). The third study used the sample of consumers to evaluate the model which developed in the second study (Hamstra, 1995). As a result, the studies showed that perceived benefits have a greater impact on consumers’ attitudes than perceived risks and there is no link between attitudes and knowledge of the genetically modified technology. Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) investigated Irish and British consumers’ attitudes through focus group discussions. The results divided the consumers’ attitudes towards genetically modified foods into three types: â€Å"triers†, â€Å"undecided consumers† and â€Å"refusers'†. A large number of consumers were classified into the second group, and the rest of consumers were equally classified as refusing or accepting genetically modified foods. Through the research, Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) found that there are some factors can increase the acceptability of genetically modified foods such as perceived consumer-related benefits, price consciousness, increased product quality (especially the taste), and increased purity of products. They also found that the acceptability of consumers depends on the types of genetically modified foods: the genetically modified technology used on vegetables, fruits and dairy products can be more acceptable than eggs and meat. Some studies have analyzed consumers’ attitudes towards GM foods at a more broadly level. The attitudes of consumers have been proved to be more positive towards applying genetically modified technology to plants than to human genetic material or animals. Frewer, Hedderley, Howard & Shepherd, 1997) The study which completed by Cook and Moore (2002) indentifies the relative importance, nature and strength of influences on New Zealand consumers’ intentions towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The study used four methods to evaluate the consumers’ attitudes which are focus groups, the questionnaire, statistical methods and distribution. Results delivered questionnaires to 289 consumers and received 266. The respondents contain 171 females and 95 males. In the received questionnaires, 159 respondents had an intention or strong intention not to purchase GM foods, 27 respondents had an purchasing or a strong purchasing intention and 80 respondents had no intention to purchase GM foods. Through the analysis with â€Å"Ordered logit analysis† and â€Å"Marginal effects for the extended model† which related to self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC, Cook and Moore (2002) found that self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC can provide a positively influence on consumers’ attitude towards purchasing GM food. Males may more easily to feel in control over purchasing the food than females, on the contrary, females may easily to feel in control over not purchasing the genetically modified food. In addition, other related research shown that the New Zealand public may be slightly less against with purchasing GM food. A national survey about farmers’ attitudes found that 49% farmers not willing to purchase GM food and 12% farmers had positive attitudes to purchase (Cook et al. , 2000). Sallie and Michael, B (2004) choice modeling methods to analyze in what conditions the Australian consumers are willing to purchase GM food, and they also discuss these preferences in the report. The results of the report suggest that if there has a discount on the consumers’ favorite food, they will have an intention to purchase the genetically modified foods. The report also showed that genetically modified technology which used on animals seems to be more unacceptable to respondents than that use on plants, especially among female respondents. In addition, another condition which can influence the consumers’ attitudes for a certain type of food is age of the consumer; the results found that older people generally more accept of genetically modified technology than younger people. In conclusion, the above literature shows that most consumers have the negative attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods, and these negative attitudes are not easy to change that can affect the preference of consumers. Furthermore, some conditions such as age and sex of consumers, the species that be applied with GM technology and the discount of genetically modified foods can also effect the consumers’ attitudes. Methodology: The main method of this research is questionnaire which contains online questionnaire and a paper-based survey questionnaire. And the responds assumed to be truthfully. The online questionnaire will be designed on the official websites of large-scale supermarkets. And the links of questionnaire should also be sent to the email of the consumers who are the VIP or the regular consumer of these supermarkets. In addition, the questionnaire will not exceed 8 minutes. The questionnaire should contain open-ended questions and close-ended questions. The sample open-ended questions should be â€Å"Do you have a positive attitude or negative attitude towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Why? † and â€Å"How you access the knowledge about genetically modified technology†. On the other hand, the close-ended question must contain the sex and the age level of the respondents, the questions should be designed like â€Å"I have a intention to purchase foods produced using genetically modified technology (very strongly disagree, disagree, agree or very strongly agree)† â€Å"what do you think your family members’ or friends’ opinion would be when you purchasing genetically modified foods? (Extremely unfavorable, unfavorable, favorable or extremely favorable)† â€Å"Do you think your family members’ or friends’ opinion will change your attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Very strongly disagree, disagree, agree, or very strongly agree)†. These three questions are very important to understand the consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The advantage of online questionnaire is that it is a less expensive way to investigate more people, and it can also invest igate the people who are at a far distance. Furthermore, the questionnaire can be quickly done and anonymity ensures more valuable responses. But there are also some drawbacks about online questionnaire that must be foreseen. For example, in general, the responds to online questionnaire are from younger people and the response rate should be limited because that not everyone can access to the website. All these conditions should be considered on the result of research. The paper-based survey questionnaire will be sent to the consumers in supermarkets. In order to attract the consumers, the people who accept investigate can get a small gift as an incentive that can increase the participate rate. The age of participate range should between twenties and sixties. And the details of paper questionnaire may be same as the online questionnaire. The drawback of paper-based survey is that poor handwriting may be appeared on the space of open-ended question and some of them cannot be identified accurately. Secondary research is also needed in order to assist the evaluation about results of questionnaire survey. The secondary sources can be found in three areas: sales report of a well-known company which produces genetically modified foods, customer database of this company and primary data. Newspapers, previous research reports, journal content, and government statistics could provide the primary data to secondary. The limitations of secondary research should also be considered during the process of research. For example, some secondary data may not be helpful to the research evaluation because that some data can be vague and general. On the other hand, the source of data must be checked in order to ensure the data is accurate. Moreover, the data maybe out of date. At last, the results of questionnaire and secondary research should be collect together to evaluate the respondents’ attitudes toward purchasing genetically modified foods and calculate if most of consumers can accept GM food. Conclusion: There should be two results of this research; one result is that most of consumers can accept genetically modified foods. It means as genetically modified technology becoming increasingly more oriented lifestyle, the consumers are increasingly familiar with the technology about genetically modified foods, more and more people can trust in GM food. The other result is that most of consumers cannot accept genetically modified foods, and the questionnaire can affect the reasons. It means people still have doubts about the safety and technology of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is new technology products, though it still exist some problems, but with the development of science and technology, it will be more and more perfect. As long as follow the certain rules, life will be more superior with the healthy and orderly development of GM technology.

Definition of Export Quotas

Definition of Export Quotas Free Online Research Papers Export quotas are specific restrictions or ceilings imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports to protect domestic producers and consumers from temporary shortages of the goods affected or to bolster their prices in world markets. (Http://en.wilipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation)Some international commodity agreements explicitly indicate when producers should apply such restraints. Export quotas are also often applied in orderly marketing agreements and voluntary restraint agreements. There mentions two words: orderly marketing arrangement and voluntary restraint arrangement. As to orderly marketing arrangement, it is a bilateral arrangement whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other controls on Imports. Here, this paper will focus on export quotas. Often the word voluntary is placed in quotes because these restraints are ty pically implemented upon the insistence of the importing nations. Typically voluntary export restraint (VERs) arises when the import-competing industries seek protection from a surge of imports from particular exporting countries. VERs are then offered by the exporter to appease the importing country and to avoid the effects of possible trade restraints on the part of the importer. Thus VERs are rarely completely voluntary. Just like the â€Å"war† between America and Japan on Auto business, America adopt this way to compel Japan reduce the auto export quality to America voluntary. There is another example, Nations in Europe have determined that in order to be more competitive, they must come together as a single market in order to pool their resources. This means unification of many trading policies within Europe. One common policy that Europe did enact in order to help their industry is the export restraint on copper scrap. This regulation was enacted in order to protect the copper and brass manufacturers in Europe. The copper scrap export restraint kept the price of this raw material low. In order to reduce the price of copper and copper-alloy scrap to their brass mills, the European Community imposed export quotas on these taw materials. These quotas were set by the European Community in 1971 during a copper and copper-alloy shortage. The United Kingdom has an added restriction to this export quota. With the help of these export quotas and other restrictions, brass mills within the European Community were able to purchase scrap at relatively lower prices. T he export restraint keeps the copper and copper-alloy scrap within Europe because corporations are not able to export these materials. This causes an over abundance of copper scrap within the European Community. In order to sell these raw materials, companies must greatly reduce their prices. These restrictions have allowed the European Community to manipulate the world market to their advantage. VERs have been used since the 1930s at least, and have been applied to products ranging from textiles and footwear to steel, machine tools and automobiles. They became a popular form of protection during the 1980s, perhaps in part because they did not violate countries’ agreements under the GATT. As a result of the Uruguay round of the GATT, completed in 1994, WTO members agreed not to implement any new VERs and to phase out any existing VERs over a four year period. Exceptions can be granted for one sector in each importing country. The WTO’s stated goal is to improve the welfare of the peoples of its member countries, specifically by lowering trade barriers and providing a platform for negotiation of trade. Its main mission is â€Å"to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible†. This main mission is further specified in certain core functions serving and safeguarding five fundamental principles, which are the foundation of the multilateral trading system. Since its entry into WTO, China has become much more open and become gradually integrated into the world economy. In its most basic terms, the agreement lowers tariffs, increases access to China’s markets by foreign producers of some commodities through tariff rate quotas (TRQs), and completely removes quantitative restrictions on others. In return, China gets better access to foreign markets for its agricultural products, as well as a number of less obvious benefits. In the past, many companies in china do textiles encountered problem: trade restrictions. They knew how they would actually get the merchandise from China to the U.S. The problem was export quotas. Anyone manufacturing overseas needs to pay close attention to the details of U.S. trade deals. And thats especially true in the fashion business, because the U.S. government sets strict limits on foreign-made apparel. Once those quotas are established, manufacturers must obtain the rights to export certain amounts of certain items to the U.S. Acquiring those rights is critical because a manufacturers products cannot leave China without them. Under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing of the WTO, from Jan. 1, 2005, quota management on global textiles trade was relinquished. At present, the total volume of Chinas textiles export accounts for one fourth of the global textiles trade volume. According to the forecast made by the WTO, the trade volume of Chinas textiles in 2005 will account for a half of that for the whole world. As indicated by the data provided by Chinas customs offices, since the cancellation of quota on Jan. 1 2005, the export of some Chinas textiles export lifting quota management has sharply increased in volume, but decreased in price. The export of Chinas global textiles increased by a margin of about 30%, mainly to the EU and the USA. While export was increased, the price fell by 30% as a contrast. The change also happened on China’s agricultural trade. Since China’s entry into WTO, its agricultural export has enjoyed a substantial growth. The exported agricultural products of China are mainly composed of gardening products, livestock products, and aquatic products, which have enjoyed different growth in export. In 2004, the export volume of the gardening products was USï ¹ ©6.10 billion, with an increase of 64.3% in comparison with that of 2001, that of vegetables was USï ¹ ©2.54 billion, that of fruits was USï ¹ ©0.92billion. The export volume of livestock products increased by 18.6% compared to the year 2001, with an export volume of USï ¹ ©3.14 billion, among which the export volume of meat was USï ¹ ©0.56 billion and that of poultry was USï ¹ ©0.14 billion (with a drastic decrease in comparison with USï ¹ ©0.59 billion in 2001). The export volume of aquatic products was USï ¹ ©6.66 billion, with an increase of 65.5% compared to 2001. The export volum of grain remained the same as that in 2001, amounted to USï ¹ ©1.56 billion. 2001 2002 2003 2004 US million % US million % US million % US million % Total Export 15,975 100 18,019 100 21,243 100 23,030 100 Grain 1,554 9.7 2,223 12.3 3,257 15.3 1,564 6.8 Horticulture 3,712 23.2 4,239 23.5 5,148 24.2 6,097 26.4 Animal Products 2,645 16.6 2,548 14.1 2,688 12.7 3,137 13.6 Aquatic products 4,022 25.2 4,506 25 5,263 24.8 6,657 28.8 Others 4,042 25.3 4,502 25 4,887 23 5,635 24.4 However, quota cancellation does not mean that exporter will usher in a free trade era. In addition to quota, there are also other non-tariff factors affecting global textiles trade, for example, tariff and green barrier. So, the cancellation of quota will not result in fundamental and revolutionary changes to the global market. As the exporter, it may face new forms of trade protectionism. Some developed and developing countries have joined forces, ready for setting up restriction on export. Once these countries link hands to impose barriers for export, exporter will suffer serious loss in its rights, while other related products will also be severely threatened, and even may have to exit from the international market as a whole. Therefore, some Governments has adopted a series of measures such as imposing export tariff to encourage export of products of high added values, thus further improving the structure of export, keeping improving the overall economic efficacy of the industry of export, as well as its international competitiveness. As the china’s Textiles export license for example, After Jan. 1 2005, there has been a serious increase in quantity and decrease in price for partial textiles exports which have been lifted quota management. If this phenomenon continues, other countries may make us e of the opportunity to implement trade protection. The measures employed by the Ministry of Commerce will greatly restrict the large volume of textiles exports, thus improving the textiles international trade environment. From Mar. 1 2005 on, the Interim Method for Automatic License of Textiles Export will be implemented, namely, an export license has to be applied for textiles export. The export license system employed by the Ministry of Commerce is to improve statistics, analysis and monitoring of textiles export, post precaution messages on fast-growing exported textiles to operators, and guide and standardize the orderly exports of the enterprises. At present, many developed countries have employed the method to achieve 24-hour monitoring of imported and exported commodities. The Interim Method for Automatic License of Textiles Export is very timely and effective in promulgation, however, it will still take time and practice for check whether it is operable and conducive to alleviating enterprises burden. There is also one thing we could use for reference from China that called Industry self discipline. China is actively adopting effective measures to avoid trade friction that may be triggered by quota cancellation and sharp increase in textiles export. According to the requirement by the Ministry of Commerce in enhancing industry coordination and self discipline, China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles has set up a coordinative commission for export of trousers, knitting shirts, men tatting shirts and underwear. At present, the management of the commission is under discussion. The commission will play an active role in coordinating the export of these sensible textiles, and prevent certain textiles export from growing too fast. The various coordinative commissions will work out detailed rules such as qualifications of export enterprises, and the lower limitation of export. The industry self discipline agreement covers the following four aspects. First, determine the categories of sensible textiles. List textiles that easily trigger trade friction and protectionism of importing countries as sensible products, and put emphasis on monitoring the export of these products. Second, set up a coordinative system for the lowest price. It requires that the enterprises involved in the self discipline agreement do not go lower than this price when exporting such commodities. Third, an industry access system will be set up for the self discipline agreement. Enterprises running counter to trade laws and regulations and disturbing the export order will be reported, or, their import and export rights will be suspended. Fourth, set up a precaution system. If a red light is on for a certain type of textile, it means that a certain country has started to limit the import of the product; if a yellow light is on, it means that the export of a certain type of textile is on tremendous increase and has caught attention of importing countries, and they may employ certain measures to restrict import of the commodity. (Developments in the Textiles and Clothing Trade: Impact of Quota Elimination, is available at the www.tdctrade.com website) After China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles posted its intention of setting up an industry self discipline system on the website, extensive attention has been aroused. Within one day, 415 textile enterprises expressed their willingness in joining the agreement. The export of the 415 enterprises accounts for over 50% of the total export volume to the U.S.A. and the EU. Many countries accession to WTO seems to represent a great leap forward in liberalization, it is clear that there are still many barriers that stand between the current situation and a significantly freer trade regime. In the long-run, the final accounting of WTO’s impact on many companies will depend on how leaders, producers, and consumers respond to the new opportunities offered by WTO and how they deal with the new challenges. Research Papers on Definition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Project Managment Office SystemCapital PunishmentGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males